Search Results: "Bernhard Schmidt"

6 October 2016

Reproducible builds folks: Reproducible Builds: week 75 in Stretch cycle

What happened in the Reproducible Builds effort between Sunday September 25 and Saturday October 1 2016: Statistics For the first time, we reached 91% reproducible packages in our testing framework on testing/amd64 using a determistic build path. (This is what we recommend to make packages in Stretch reproducible.) For unstable/amd64, where we additionally test for reproducibility across different build paths we are at almost 76% again. IRC meetings We have a poll to set a time for a new regular IRC meeting. If you would like to attend, please input your available times and we will try to accommodate for you. There was a trial IRC meeting on Friday, 2016-09-31 1800 UTC. Unfortunately, we did not activate meetbot. Despite this participants consider the meeting a success as several topics where discussed (eg changes to IRC notifications of tests.r-b.o) and the meeting stayed within one our length. Upcoming events Reproduce and Verify Filesystems - Vincent Batts, Red Hat - Berlin (Germany), 5th October, 14:30 - 15:20 @ LinuxCon + ContainerCon Europe 2016. From Reproducible Debian builds to Reproducible OpenWrt, LEDE & coreboot - Holger "h01ger" Levsen and Alexander "lynxis" Couzens - Berlin (Germany), 13th October, 11:00 - 11:25 @ OpenWrt Summit 2016. Introduction to Reproducible Builds - Vagrant Cascadian will be presenting at the SeaGL.org Conference In Seattle (USA), November 11th-12th, 2016. Previous events GHC Determinism - Bartosz Nitka, Facebook - Nara (Japan), 24th September, ICPF 2016. Toolchain development and fixes Michael Meskes uploaded bsdmainutils/9.0.11 to unstable with a fix for #830259 based on Reiner Herrmann's patch. This fixed locale_dependent_symbol_order_by_lorder issue in the affected packages (freebsd-libs, mmh). devscripts/2.16.8 was uploaded to unstable. It includes a debrepro script by Antonio Terceiro which is similar in purpose to reprotest but more lightweight; specific to Debian packages and without support for virtual servers or configurable variations. Packages reviewed and fixed, and bugs filed The following updated packages have become reproducible in our testing framework after being fixed: The following updated packages appear to be reproducible now for reasons we were not able to figure out. (Relevant changelogs did not mention reproducible builds.) Some uploads have addressed some reproducibility issues, but not all of them: Patches submitted that have not made their way to the archive yet: Reviews of unreproducible packages 77 package reviews have been added, 178 have been updated and 80 have been removed in this week, adding to our knowledge about identified issues. 6 issue types have been updated: Weekly QA work As part of reproducibility testing, FTBFS bugs have been detected and reported by: diffoscope development A new version of diffoscope 61 was uploaded to unstable by Chris Lamb. It included contributions from: Post-release there were further contributions from: reprotest development A new version of reprotest 0.3.2 was uploaded to unstable by Ximin Luo. It included contributions from: Post-release there were further contributions from: tests.reproducible-builds.org Misc. This week's edition was written by Ximin Luo, Holger Levsen & Chris Lamb and reviewed by a bunch of Reproducible Builds folks on IRC.

12 January 2016

Bits from Debian: New Debian Developers and Maintainers (November and December 2015)

The following contributors got their Debian Developer accounts in the last two months: The following contributors were added as Debian Maintainers in the last two months: Congratulations!

23 November 2015

Lunar: Reproducible builds: week 30 in Stretch cycle

What happened in the reproducible builds effort this week: Toolchain fixes Mattia Rizzolo uploaded a version of perl to the reproducible repository including the patch written by Niko Tyni to add support for SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH in Pod::Man. Dhole sent an updated version of his patch adding support for SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH in GCC to the upstream mailing list. Several comments have been made in response which have been quickly addressed by Dhole. Dhole also forwarded his patch adding support for SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH in libxslt upstream. Packages fixed The following packages have become reproducible due to changes in their build dependencies: antlr3/3.5.2-3, clusterssh, cme, libdatetime-set-perl, libgraphviz-perl, liblingua-translit-perl, libparse-cpan-packages-perl, libsgmls-perl, license-reconcile, maven-bundle-plugin/2.4.0-2, siggen, stunnel4, systemd, x11proto-kb. The following packages became reproducible after getting fixed: Some uploads fixed some reproducibility issues, but not all of them: reproducible.debian.net Vagrant Cascadian has set up a new armhf node using a Raspberry Pi 2. It should soon be added to the Jenkins infrastructure. diffoscope development diffoscope version 42 was release on November 20th. It adds a missing dependency on python3-pkg-resources and to prevent similar regression another autopkgtest to ensure that the command line is functional when Recommends are not installed. Two more encoding related problems have been fixed (#804061, #805418). A missing Build-Depends has also been added on binutils-multiarch to make the test suite pass on architectures other than amd64. Package reviews 180 reviews have been removed, 268 added and 59 updated this week. 70 new fail to build from source bugs have been reported by Chris West, Chris Lamb and Niko Tyni. New issue this week: randomness_in_ocaml_preprocessed_files. Misc. Jim MacArthur started to work on a system to rebuild and compare packages built on reproducible.debian.net using .buildinfo and snapshot.debian.org. On December 1-3rd 2015, a meeting of about 40 participants from 18 different free software projects will be held in Athens, Greece with the intent of improving the collaboration between projects, helping new efforts to be started, and brainstorming on end-user aspects of reproducible builds.

11 November 2015

Bits from Debian: New Debian Developers and Maintainers (September and October 2015)

The following contributors got their Debian Developer accounts in the last two months: The following contributors were added as Debian Maintainers in the last two months: Congratulations!

21 September 2012

Philipp Kern: IPv6 support in debian-installer, take 2

The IPv6 patch set for netcfg (part of debian-installer) has landed in Debian unstable. In follow-up uploads I diverged from the Ubuntu patch set a little bit:
Thanks to Michael Tokarev's recent upload of busybox, we now also have a more featureful ping and ping6 in debian-installer's environment.

Known bugs:
If you could take another look at a current d-i daily, install a system with it and look if the installed system has a correct network configuration, that would still be appreciated. I also need somebody to test the GNU/kFreeBSD image. I fixed it up to build there but the result might be entirely wrong.

My sincere thanks go to Bernhard Schmidt and Karsten Merker, who successfully completed installations over IPv6 in various environments!

19 June 2008

Martin F. Krafft: IPv6 with Debian

Even though I ve dealt with IPv6 for almost a decade, have delivered presentations, and given multi-day courses on IPv6 security aspects, I ve never actually added IPv6 to my own server/home network infrastructure because it seemed that Linux and/or Debian just weren t ready for it. This seems to have changed (although there are still a number of problems) and in less than a day, I put a few of my machines online. In the following, I d like to share with you how I did it.

Kernel versions and stateful connection tracking Unfortunately, I have to start off with some bad news: even though Debian etch, our current stable release, which uses a Linux kernel version 2.6.18, speaks IPv6, I cannot recommend it for deployment, as the 2.6.18 kernel does not support proper stateful connection tracking for IPv6, and thus makes it impossible to firewall hosts in a sensible manner (I always add local packet filters to all my hosts, and if only to guard against the situation when a user installs a malicious programme to listen on a high port). Of course, it is possible to configure a packet filter statelessly in an acceptable manner once you know the use case, so do with this information what you wish; I prefer to stay general for now. For me, a remedy is almost around the corner: the 2.6.24 kernel seems to support stateful connection tracking for IPv6, and it s even available for etch as it will be included in the upcoming etch-and-a-half release. I simply ended up using the kernel packages pre-release, and so far have not had a problem with it. To do so, add the following line to your /etc/apt/sources.list, making sure to use a close archive mirror: 
deb http://ftp.xx.debian.org/debian etch-proposed-updates main
I then just upgraded the system and pulled in all proposed updates. As that may have let in software that won t be part of etch-and-a-half, or even lenny, you may want to pin the archive and only upgrade the kernel packages, by adding to /etc/apt/preferences (replacing amd64 with your architecture): 
Package: *
Pin: release a=proposed-updates
Pin-Priority: -1
Package: linux-image-2.6.24-etchnhalf.1-amd64
Pin: release a=proposed-updates
Pin-Priority: 600
Alternatively, you could use the 2.6.24 linux kernel packages on backports.org.

Xen and IPv6 One drawback of switching to 2.6.24 is that you cannot run a dom0 on that machine any longer, so by practical extension, you cannot connect it to the IPv6 network with a packet filter in place. Supposedly, running 2.6.24 instances on a 2.6.18 dom0 is reported to work, however.

Configuring the packet filter The first thing I did was to configure the packet filter on each host appropriately. Unfortunately, this is harder than it should be, because to quote one of the netfilter developers when ip6tables was conceived, someone had a big bad brainfart : rather than adding IPv6 rules to your existing iptables ruleset, you have to create a new ruleset, duplicate all chains, networks, hosts, and individual rules, and maintain the two in parallel. Even though there are efforts of unification on the way, I speculate it ll take another couple of years until PF_INET6 will be fused into PF_INET and one will be able to do sensible cross-address-family packet filtering with Linux. Since I ve recently started to look (again) at pyroman, maybe the most logical way forward would be to extend it to write both, IPv4 and IPv6 rulesets from its knowledge about the hosts and networks you configured. Anyway, we want to get stuff working now! Thus, let s configure ourselves a packet filter. (Almost) all IPv6-related filtering must be configured via ip6tables (read on further down about IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling, the reason I said almost ). The following is a simple default ruleset to start with, which I put into /etc/network/ip6tables to load with ip6tables-restore: 
*filter
:INPUT REJECT [0:0]
:FORWARD REJECT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:in-new - [0:0]
### INPUT chain
# allow all loopback traffic
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# RT0 processing is disabled since 2.6.20.9
#-A INPUT -m rt --rt-type 0 -j REJECT
# allow all ICMP traffic
-A INPUT -p icmpv6 -j ACCEPT
# packets belonging to an establish connection or related to one can pass
-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# packets that are out-of-sequence are silently dropped
-A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
# new connections unknown to the kernel are handled in a separate chain
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -j in-new
# pass SYN packets for SSH
-A in-new -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 --syn -j ACCEPT
# log everything else
-A INPUT -m limit --limit 3/min --limit-burst 10 -j LOG --log-prefix "[INPUT6]: "
### OUTPUT chain
# RT0 processing is disabled since 2.6.20.9
#-A OUTPUT -m rt --rt-type 0 -j REJECT
# allow outgoing traffic, explicitly (despite chain policy)
-A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT
### FORWARD chain
# RT0 processing is disabled since 2.6.20.9
#-A FORWARD -m rt --rt-type 0 -j REJECT
# disallow forwarded traffic, explicitly (despite chain policy)
-A FORWARD -j REJECT
COMMIT
Note that this recipe is pretty much unusable on pre-2.6.20 kernels due to their broken implementation of stateful connection tracking. The ruleset should be fairly obvious, but you might wonder about my use of REJECT and allowing all ICMP after all, you ve heard for the past 30 years that ICMP is a bad hacker protocol , and Internet security is no domain for being nice to people, so to prevent any information disclosure, you should DROP connections, not let people know that they re simply not allowed. Well, to hell with all that! I don t see a single reason or attack vector that is foiled by DROP or disallowing ICMP. In fact, it s just security by obscurity, and might inconvenient at the same time. ICMP is also much more important with IPv6 than with IPv4 (it replaces ARP, for instance), and it s actually useful to be able to ping hosts, or get back informational messages on why something failed. Finally, rejecting traffic rather than dropping it doesn t suggest to a hacker that something s hidden here. Then there is RFC 4890, which almost made me puke. This document is part of the reason why I say: let s fix problems in the kernel, rather than shielding them with unreadable and unmanageable rulesets!

Getting connected If you already have an IPv6 address, you re basically ready to go, but may want to read further down on how to connect your local network to the IPv6 Internet as well. If you are searching for a provider, have a look at the list of providers with native IPv6 connectivity over at sixxs.net. If you are reading up to here, I assume you are connected to the Net with IPv4. There are two ways for you to move towards IPv6: 6to4 or by way of a tunnel provider. A Kiwi website explains how to setting up 6to4 connectivity, and thus I will concentrate only on the tunnel approach. Even though everyone can set up 6to4 in a breeze without any accounts or waiting, there are a number of security considerations, it s pretty ugly to debug (due in part to asymmetric routing), and makes your life unnecessarily difficult when all you have is a dynamic IP that changes from time to time. If you are stuck behind a NAT gateway, you cannot use 6to4 either. Thus, I prefer the tunnel approach. With the tunnel approach, IPv6 packets are wrapped up in IPv4 packets on your host, and sent to the IPv4 address of your tunnel provider, who has native IPv6 connectivity. The tunnel provider unwraps your packet and shoves the contained IPv6 packet onto the backbone. The IPv6 address you used as source address is routed to the tunnel provider, so any replies arrive at their machines, where they re again wrapped into IPv4 packets and sent to your (publicly-accessible) IPv4 address. Those IPv4 packets specify payload type 41 ( ipv6 ), which is why we need those -p ipv6 -j ACCEPT rules in the iptables ruleset. There are a few tunnel providers out there. I chose SixXS and have not regretted my choice. I shall thus assume that you do the same: sign up for an account right now, so that you have it by the time you finished reading this document! SixXS works on a credit system: tunnels and subnets cost credits, which you can accumulate by maintaining your tunnels properly. This ensures that everyone can play around, but to do more advanced stuff, you need to first display competence with the basic concepts. Your first step with SixXS will be to request a tunnel. SixXS offers three types of tunnels:
  • static tunnels, for those with static IPs,
  • heartbeat tunnels, for those with dynamic IPs, and
  • AYIYA tunnels, for those behind NAT gateways.
Each of these tunnels have advantages and disadvantages, as everything does: the first two types of tunnels use IP protocol 41 packets to encapsulate the IPv6 packets. As such, there are security considerations involving the impersonation by spoofing, and all upstream firewalls must let protocol 41 pass. AYIYA addresses these problems by using signed packets, but that solution comes with extra computation overhead and smaller MTUs. I suggest to use the first type of tunnel that fits your situation. Debian s aiccu package can take care of heartbeat and AYIYA tunnels for you, and it can even set up static ones. During registration, you will also need to choose a PoP , which stands for Point of Presence . If your country only has a single PoP, that s the one you will end up using (unless you have a good reason for another one), but if there are more options, I strongly suggest that you go through the list of PoPs and select the one with the best roundtrip time and lowest latency from your location! Note that you must answer ping requests (ICMP echo-request) from the PoP you chose, or else the tunnel will not be created. Once your tunnel request gets approved, you ll get a /64 prefix, in which you only use two addresses: the PoP will configure the :1 address and you need to configure your host to use the :2 address on the tunnel interface. You ll also be told the IPv4 address of your PoP endpoint . Joey Hess taught me that aiccu can set up the interface for you, using the data it queries from the SixXS registration (TIC) server. I tried it, and it works. However, I prefer the pure ifupdown approach, as it makes things explicit and allows me to use the hooks for stuff like loading the packet filter. So in my /etc/network/interfaces, you can find: 
auto sixxs
iface sixxs inet6 v4tunnel
  endpoint 194.1.163.40
  address 2001:41e0:ff00:3b::2
  netmask 64
  gateway 2001:41e0:ff00:3b::1
  ttl 64
  pre-up ip6tables-restore < /etc/network/ip6tables
  up ip link set mtu 1480 dev $IFACE
  up invoke-rc.d aiccu start
  down invoke-rc.d aiccu stop
Make sure to read about MTU values of the tunnel and adjust the 1480 value in the above to your tunnel settings and ISP connectivity. Also set ipv6_interface sixxs in /etc/aiccu.conf, if you are using aiccu, or else aiccu will bring up a duplicate/additional interface. If you tell it to use the same interface, it will actually execute all the same commands (which will fail), but won t report any errors. A future version will have a switch to prevent it from configuring the interface. Unfortunately, this will probably not work. The reason is that your regular IP packet filter (iptables, without the 6) doesn t let those encapsulating IPv4 packets pass, unless we tell it to; we probably want to do this early on in the chain, and also limit it to our tunnel peer, so: 
iptables -I INPUT -p ipv6 -s 194.1.163.40/32 -j ACCEPT
For AYIYA, you need to open port 5072, either for UDP, TCP, or SCTP, depending on how you configured it. Also have a look at this FAQ entry on what a firewall needs to pass. If it still doesn t work, you have an upstream packet filter that needs some of those holes poked. Good luck. In most situations, the FORWARD chain does not get such a rule, since the tunnel terminates at the gateway, which routes to a native IPv6 network, or another tunnel. Allowing tunnels through a gateway is almost always a bad thing, as it would allow undetected and untraceable traffic from compromised boxes in the local network. The OUTPUT chain also does not need such a rule, if you have configured stateful filtering properly. Now bring up the interface and verify the connection: 
# ifup sixxs
# ping6 -nc1 2001:41e0:ff00:3b::1
PING 2001:41e0:ff00:3b::1(2001:41e0:ff00:3b::1) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 2001:41e0:ff00:3b::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=74.0 ms
[...]
# ping6 -nc1 ipv6.aerasec.de
PING ipv6.aerasec.de(2001:a60:9002:1::184:1) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 2001:a60:9002:1::184:1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=91.5 ms
[...]
Welcome to the Internet of the future!

Setting up an IPv6-capable gateway Your IPv6 connection works, but it s limited to a single address, and you do not get to specify the reverse DNS PTR record for it. Since the concept of NAT is mostly absent from IPv6 (thanks! thanks! thanks!), you will not be able to connect any other hosts to the IPv6 network. If your local network has a few hosts behind a gateway, you will need to request a subnet from SixXS and configure your gateway (which has the tunnel connection) appropriately. Don t worry, this is not really very difficult. First, request a subnet for your tunnel from your PoP via your SixXS homepage. Once approved, you will get a /48 prefix for your own use: 2^80 1.2 heptillion addresses which are yours to assign to every dust particle in your office or home, if you so desire. The way I set it up is to add the first of these addresses to your internal interface on the gateway, by adding the following two lines to the interface s stanza in /etc/network/interfaces; you will need the iproute package installed (which you should be using for everything network-related anyway): 
up ip -6 addr add 2001:41e0:ff12::1/64 dev $IFACE
down ip -6 addr del 2001:41e0:ff12::1/64 dev $IFACE
Instead of bringing the interface down and up, just run ip -6 addr add 2001:41e0:ff12::1/64 dev eth0. Note the use of the /64 prefix instead of the /48 that got assigned, leaving only 20 pentillion addresses. Oh no! The reason for this is buried in the specs: basically, /48 is a site prefix, but individual networks should not be larger than /64, which is the prefix length of links in the IPv6 domain. Now is also a good time to enable IPv6 forwarding, e.g. like so: 
# echo net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1 >> /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
Obviously, you will also need to change the policy on the ip6tables FORWARD chain. For now, let s just set it to accept. You should later create a proper ruleset, though! 
# ip6tables -I FORWARD -j ACCEPT

Bringing IPv6 to your local network The final step is to spread the love to your local network. Refrain from selecting addresses from your subnet and assigning them to the local hosts, or wondering how to configure the DHCP server, because IPv6 does it differently: your gateway will advertise its routes (which includes a default route) to your network, and each host will pick an address based on its MAC address (unless it already has an EUI-64 address assigned. This all happens automagically, at least with current Debian and Windows machines. On the gateway, you need to install radvd and simply tell it which prefix to use on which interface. My /etc/radvd looks like this, and I won t explain it: 
interface eth0
 
  AdvSendAdvert on;
  prefix 2001:41e0:ff12::/64
   
   ;
 ;
Note again how we advertise a /64 network rather than the /48 we own . You cannot advertise smaller networks if you want automatic configuration to work, and you should not use networks larger than /64 in any case. If 2^64 addresses are not enough for you, I trust you ll be able to figure out how to advertise another of your 65536 /64 prefixes in the /48 subnet to appropriate hosts. Restart radvd and run over to another host to witness how it automagically gets connected to the IPv6 network by scanning /var/log/kern.log and watching the output of ip -6 addr and ip -6 route. Try ping6ing from there! Find the dancing turtle! It should all work. If you don t like the automagic aspect of this, look into stateful configuration, using DHCPv6, as provided by dibbler-server and ?wide-dhcpv6-server.

Resolving names Take note of the IPv6 address of each host. There s a way to determine it given the host s MAC address, but this is easier (ipv6calc is also useful). You might want to let your local DNS server know by adding AAAA records in parallel to the existing A records, and possibly even adding PTR entries. If you re serious about IPv6, you can tell SixXS to delegate reverse lookups for the IPv6 addresses to your DNS servers, but you ought to refrain from polluting the DNS namespace. Note that bind9-host provides an improved host tool, which fetches all kinds of information about names, not just the one single information configured as default: 
% host pulse.madduck.net
pulse.madduck.net has address 130.60.75.74
pulse.madduck.net has IPv6 address 2001:41e0:ff1a::1
pulse.madduck.net mail is handled by 99 b.mx.madduck.net.
pulse.madduck.net mail is handled by 10 a.mx.madduck.net.
% host 2001:41e0:ff1a::1
1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.a.1.f.f.0.e.1.4.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa
domain name pointer pulse.madduck.net.
Oh, and if you re really that curious about how IPv6 addresses are computed from MAC addresses, read RFC 2464. Basically, given a prefix 2001:41e0:ff1a:: and a MAC address aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff, the resulting IPv6 address is obtained by:
  1. inserting ff:fe into the middle of the MAC address to yield aa:bb:cc:ff:fe:dd:ee:ff;
  2. flipping the second lowest bit of the first octet to yield a8:bb:cc:ff:fe:dd:ee:ff;
  3. removing the odd colons to yield a8bb:ccff:fedd:eeff, the EUI-64;
  4. concatenating the prefix and this result to get 2001:41e0:ff1a::a8bb:ccff:fedd:eeff.
If you find your (Windows) IPv6 addresses changing all the time, you might be faced by privacy features .

Remaining issues Even though my IPv6 connectivity works, I have two remaining issues.

Sending larger amounts of data to the network I am experiencing a curious issue where outgoing ssh IPv6 connections time out and outgoing data transfers hiccup. I have yet to find out what s going on.

Mapping names to laptops Laptops generally have two interfaces, one with a cable, and the other wireless. Both of these interfaces will have separate MAC addresses, and by extension, the laptop will have different IPv6 addresses depending on how it is connected to the local network. I want to be able to connect to laptops without knowing the medium they use to connect to the network. Unfortunately, there seems to be no feasible way. The solutions I see are:
  • override the MAC address of one interface with that of the other, which is going to cause bgi problems in the case when the laptop (accidentally) gets connected to the same network twice;
  • add both IPv6 addresses as AAAA records to the laptop s DNS name, which will cause random delays when connecting as the resolver may return the currently inactive address first;
  • set up mobile IPv6, e.g. by following this Mobile IPv6 how-to, which would allow accessing the laptop uniformly, no matter where in the world it is. Unfortunately, Debian s support for Mobile IPv6 is severly lacking at time of writing. Also, Yves-Alexis Perez notes that this how-to is horribly outdated and promised to tend to it Real Soon Now .
The second solution works for me for now, but I am interested in the third. In response to this document, Andreas Henriksson has suggested the replace the stateless configuration (radvd) with stateful configuration, using DHCPv6. I have yet to investigate this option. Jeroen Massar suggests to unite cable and wireless into a bridged interface, which seems like a very good idea.

Credits Thanks to Bernhard Schmidt, William Boughton, and Jeroen Massar, and everyone on #ipv6/irc.freenode.org for their help over the past few weeks, and all those who fed back comments in response to this document!