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The Debian Project Leader election has concluded and the winner is Lucas Nussbaum. Of a total of 1003 developers, 401 developers voted using the Condorcet method. More information about the result is available in the Debian Project Leader Elections 2014 page. The new term for the project leader will start on April 17th and expire on April 17th 2015.

MITRE gave a presentation on UEFI Secure Boot at SyScan earlier this month. You should read the the presentation and paper, because it's really very good.

It describes a couple of attacks. The first is that some platforms store their Secure Boot policy in a run time UEFI variable. UEFI variables are split into two broad categories - boot time and run time. Boot time variables can only be accessed while in boot services - the moment the bootloader or kernel calls ExitBootServices(), they're inaccessible. Some vendors chose to leave the variable containing firmware settings available during run time, presumably because it makes it easier to implement tools for modifying firmware settings at the OS level. Unfortunately, some vendors left bits of Secure Boot policy in this space. The naive approach would be to simply disable Secure Boot entirely, but that means that the OS would be able to detect that the system wasn't in a secure state[1]. A more subtle approach is to modify the policy, such that the firmware chooses not to verify the signatures on files stored on fixed media. Drop in a new bootloader and victory is ensured.

But that's not a beautiful approach. It depends on the firmware vendor having made that mistake. What if you could just rewrite arbitrary variables, even if they're only supposed to be accessible in boot services? Variables are all stored in flash, connected to the chipset's SPI controller. Allowing arbitrary access to that from the OS would make it straightforward to modify the variables, even if they're boot time-only. So, thankfully, the SPI controller has some control mechanisms. The first is that any attempt to enable the write-access bit will cause a System Management Interrupt, at which point the CPU should trap into System Management Mode and (if the write attempt isn't authorised) flip it back. The second is to disable access from the OS entirely - all writes have to take place in System Management Mode.

The MITRE results show that around 0.03% of modern machines enable the second option. That's unfortunate, but the first option should still be sufficient[2]. Except the first option requires on the SMI actually firing. And, conveniently, Intel's chipsets have a bit that allows you to disable all SMI sources[3], and then have another bit to disable further writes to the first bit. Except 40% of the machines MITRE tested didn't bother setting that lock bit. So you can just disable SMI generation, remove the write-protect bit on the SPI controller and then write to arbitrary variables, including the SecureBoot enable one.

This is, uh, obviously a problem. The good news is that this has been communicated to firmware and system vendors and it should be fixed in the future. The bad news is that a significant proportion of existing systems can probably have their Secure Boot implementation circumvented. This is pretty unsurprisingly - I suggested that the first few generations would be broken back in 2012. Security tends to be an iterative process, and changing a branch of the industry that's historically not had to care into one that forms the root of platform trust is a difficult process. As the MITRE paper says, UEFI Secure Boot will be a genuine improvement in security. It's just going to take us a little while to get to the point where the more obvious flaws have been worked out.

[1] Unless the malware was intelligent enough to hook GetVariable, detect a request for SecureBoot and then give a fake answer, but who would do that?
[2] Impressively, basically everyone enables that.
[3] Great for dealing with bugs caused by YOUR ENTIRE COMPUTER BEING INTERRUPTED BY ARBITRARY VENDOR CODE, except unfortunately it also probably disables chunks of thermal management and stops various other things from working as well.

comments

[en] One of the big news stories of the week has been the Heartbleed bug . If you know a techie person, you might have noticed that person looking a bit more stressed and tired than usual since Monday (that was certainly true of me). Some of the discussion might seem a bit confusing and/or scary; what s worse, the non-tech press has started getting some of the details wrong and scare-mongering for readers. So here s my non-techie guide to what all the fuss is about. If you re a techie, this advice isn t for you; chances are, you already know what you should be doing to help fix this. (If you re a techie and you don t know, ask! You might just need a little education on what needs to happen, and there s nothing wrong with that, but you ll be better off asking and possibly looking foolish than you will be if you get hacked.) If you re not inclined to read the whole thing, here are the important points:

Don t panic! There are reports of people cleaning out their bank accounts, cutting off their Internet service, buying new computers, etc. If you re thinking about doing anything drastic because you re scared of Heartbleed, don t.
You ll probably need to change a lot of your passwords on various sites, but wait until each site you use tells you to.
This is mostly a problem for site servers, not PCs or phones or tablets. Unless you re doing something unusual (and you d know if you were), you re fine as long as you update your devices like you usually do. (You do update your devices, right?)

So what happened? There s a notion called a heartbeat signal , where two computers talking to each other say Hey, you there? every so often. This is usually done by computer #1 sending some bit of data to computer #2, and computer #2 sending it back. In this particular situation, the two computers actually send both a bit of data and the length of that bit of data. Some of you might be asking so what happens if computer #1 sends a little bit of data, but lies and says the data is a lot longer than that? In a perfect world, computer #2 would scold computer #1 for lying, and that s what happens now with the bug fix. But before early this week, computer #2 would just trust computer #1 in one very specific case. Now, computers use memory to keep track of stuff they re working on, and they re constantly asking for memory and then giving it back when they re done, so it can be used by something else. So, when you ask for memory, the bit of memory you get might have the results of what the program was doing just a moment ago things like decrypting a credit card using a crypto key, or checking a password. This isn t normally a problem, since it s the same program getting its own memory back. But if it s using this memory to keep track of these heartbeats, and it s been tricked into thinking it needs to send back the word HAT, which is 500 characters long , then character 4 and following is likely to be memory used for something just a moment ago. Most of that recycled memory would be undecipherable junk. But credit cards, crypto keys, and passwords tend to be fairly easy to pick out, unfortunately. And that, by the way, is where the name comes from: the heartbeat signal bleeds data, so Heartbleed . There s been some fascinating commentary on how well this bug has been marketed, by the way; hopefully, we in the techie community will learn something about how to explain problems like this for future incidents. Does this affect every site? No. Only sites using certain newer versions of crypographic software called OpenSSL are affected by this. OpenSSL is very popular; I ve seen estimates that anywhere from a third to a half of all secure Internet sites use it. But not all of those sites will have the bug, since it was only introduced in the last two years. How do we know this? OpenSSL is open source, and is developed in public . Because of that, we know the exact moment when the bug was introduced, when it was released to the world, and when it was fixed. (And, just for the record, it was an honest mistake. Don t go and slam on the poor guy who wrote the code with the bug. It should have been caught by a number of different people, and none of them noticed it, so it s a lot more complicated than it s his fault! pitchforks and torches! ) What should I do? Nothing, yet. Right now, this is mostly a techie problem. Remember that bit about crypto keys? That s the part which puts the little lock icon next to the URL in your browser when you go to your bank s Web site, or to Amazon to buy things, or whatever. The crypto keys make sure that your conversation with your bank about your balance is just between you and your bank. That s also the part which is making techies the world over a little more stressed and tired. You see, we know that the people who found the bug were good guys and helped to get the bug fixed, but we don t know if any bad guys found the bug before this week. And if a bad guy used the bug to extract crypto keys, they would still have those crypto keys, and could still use them even though the original bug is fixed. That would mean that a bad guy could intercept your conversation with your bank / Amazon / whoever. Since we don t know, we have to do the safe thing, and assume that all our keys were in fact stolen, That means we have to redo all our crypto keys. That s a lot of work. And because your password is likely protected with those same crypto keys, if a bad guy has Amazon s key, they d be able to watch you change your password at Amazon. Maybe they didn t even have your old password, but now they have your new one. Oops. You re now less secure than you were. Now, it s important to make sure we re clear: we don t know that this has happened. There s really no way of knowing, short of actually catching a bad guy in the act, and we haven t caught anyone yet. So, this is a safety measure. Thus, the best thing to do is: don t panic. Continue to live life as usual. It might be prudent to put off doing some things for a few days, but I wouldn t even worry so much about that. If you pay your bills online, for example, don t risk paying a bill late out of fear. Remember: so far, we have no evidence yet that anyone s actually doing anything malicious with this bug. At some point, a lot of sites are going to post a notice that looks a lot like this:

We highly recommend our users change the password on their Linux Foundation ID which is used for the logins on most Linux Foundation sites, including our community site, Linux.com for your own security and as part of your own comprehensive effort to update and secure as many of your online credentials as you can.

(That s the notice my employer posted once we had our site in order.) That will be your cue that they ve done the work to redo their crypto keys, and that it s now safe to change your password. A lot of sites will make statements saying, essentially, we don t have a problem . They re probably right. Don t second-guess them; just exhale, slowly, and tick that site off your list of things to worry about. Other sites might not say anything. That s the most worrying part, because it s hard to tell if they re OK or not. If it s an important site to you, the best course of action might be to just ask, or search on Google / Bing / DuckDuckGo / wherever for some kind of statement. What about your site? Yup, I use OpenSSL, and I was vulnerable. But I m the only person who actually logs in to anything on this site. I ve got the bugfix, but I m still in the process of creating new keys. Part of the problem is that everyone else is out there creating new keys at the same time, which creates a bit of a traffic jam. So yeah, if you were thinking of posting your credit card number in a comment, and wanted to make sure you did it securely well, don t do that. EVER. And not because of Heartbleed.

Wow. 3G delta. I haven t booted this laptop for a while I think I m finally ready to make the move from gnome2 to gnome3. There are bits that still annoy me, but I think it s off to a good start. Upgrading perl from 5.10 to 5.14.

cjac@calcifer:~$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  at-spi capplets-data compiz compiz-gnome compiz-gtk defoma deskbar-applet g++-4.3 gcc-4.3 gcj-4.4-base gcj-4.4-jre gcj-4.4-jre-headless gcj-4.4-jre-lib
  gdm3 gir1.0-clutter-1.0 gir1.0-freedesktop gir1.0-glib-2.0 gir1.0-gstreamer-0.10 gir1.0-gtk-2.0 gir1.0-json-glib-1.0 glade-gnome gnome-about
  gnome-accessibility gnome-applets gnome-core gnome-panel gnome-utils-common lib32readline5-dev libbrasero-media0 libclass-mop-perl libdb4.7-java
  libdb4.8-dev libdevhelp-1-1 libdigest-sha1-perl libdirectfb-dev libebook1.2-9 libecal1.2-7 libedata-book1.2-2 libedata-cal1.2-7 libedataserverui1.2-8
  libepc-1.0-2 libepc-ui-1.0-2 libept1 libgcj10 libgcj10-awt libgd2-noxpm libgstfarsight0.10-0 libgtkhtml-editor0 libjpeg62-dev libmetacity-private0
  libmono-accessibility1.0-cil libmono-bytefx0.7.6.1-cil libmono-cairo1.0-cil libmono-cil-dev libmono-corlib1.0-cil libmono-cscompmgd7.0-cil
  libmono-data-tds1.0-cil libmono-data1.0-cil libmono-debugger-soft0.0-cil libmono-getoptions1.0-cil libmono-i18n-west1.0-cil libmono-i18n1.0-cil
  libmono-ldap1.0-cil libmono-microsoft7.0-cil libmono-npgsql1.0-cil libmono-oracle1.0-cil libmono-peapi1.0-cil libmono-posix1.0-cil
  libmono-relaxng1.0-cil libmono-security1.0-cil libmono-sharpzip0.6-cil libmono-sharpzip0.84-cil libmono-sqlite1.0-cil libmono-system-data1.0-cil
  libmono-system-ldap1.0-cil libmono-system-messaging1.0-cil libmono-system-runtime1.0-cil libmono-system-web1.0-cil libmono-system1.0-cil
  libmono-webbrowser0.5-cil libmono-winforms1.0-cil libmono1.0-cil libmtp8 libnautilus-extension1 libpango1.0-common libperl5.10 libpolkit-gtk-1-0
  libpulse-browse0 librpm1 librpmbuild1 libsdl1.2-dev libsdl1.2debian-pulseaudio libseed0 libstdc++6-4.3-dev libtelepathy-farsight0 libupnp3 libvlccore4
  libxmlrpc-c3 linphone-nox linux-headers-2.6.32-5-amd64 linux-sound-base metacity mono-2.0-devel mono-devel mysql-client-5.1 mysql-query-browser
  mysql-server-5.1 mysql-server-core-5.1 openoffice.org-base-core openoffice.org-core openoffice.org-gcj openoffice.org-report-builder-bin
  openoffice.org-style-andromeda php5-suhosin portmap python-beagle python-brasero python-docky python-encutils python-evince python-gnomeapplet
  python-gtop python-mediaprofiles python-metacity python-totem-plparser seahorse-plugins smbfs speedbar totem-coherence tqsllib1c2a unixcw vlc
  xserver-xorg-video-nv
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  accountsservice acl aisleriot apg aptdaemon-data aptitude-common asterisk-core-sounds-en asterisk-modules asterisk-moh-opsound-gsm at-spi2-core
  ax25-node bluez btrfs-tools caribou caribou-antler chromium chromium-inspector colord console-setup console-setup-linux cpp-4.6 cpp-4.7 crda
  cryptsetup-bin cups-filters db-util db5.1-util dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service dconf-tools distro-info-data docutils-common docutils-doc enchant
  extlinux finger folks-common fonts-cantarell fonts-droid fonts-freefont-ttf fonts-horai-umefont fonts-lg-aboriginal fonts-liberation fonts-lyx
  fonts-opensymbol fonts-sil-gentium fonts-sil-gentium-basic fonts-sipa-arundina fonts-stix fonts-takao fonts-takao-gothic fonts-takao-mincho
  fonts-thai-tlwg fonts-tlwg-garuda fonts-tlwg-kinnari fonts-tlwg-loma fonts-tlwg-mono fonts-tlwg-norasi fonts-tlwg-purisa fonts-tlwg-sawasdee
  fonts-tlwg-typewriter fonts-tlwg-typist fonts-tlwg-typo fonts-tlwg-umpush fonts-tlwg-waree fonts-umeplus fuse g++-4.7 g++-4.7-multilib gcc-4.6
  gcc-4.6-base gcc-4.7 gcc-4.7-base gcc-4.7-multilib gcj-4.7-base gcj-4.7-jre gcj-4.7-jre-headless gcj-4.7-jre-lib gconf-service gcr
  gir1.2-accountsservice-1.0 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-atspi-2.0 gir1.2-caribou-1.0 gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-clutter-gst-1.0 gir1.2-cogl-1.0
  gir1.2-coglpango-1.0 gir1.2-evince-3.0 gir1.2-folks-0.6 gir1.2-freedesktop gir1.2-gck-1 gir1.2-gconf-2.0 gir1.2-gcr-3 gir1.2-gdesktopenums-3.0
  gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-gee-1.0 gir1.2-gkbd-3.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-gmenu-3.0 gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0 gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0
  gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-0.10 gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0 gir1.2-gtksource-3.0 gir1.2-gtop-2.0 gir1.2-gucharmap-2.90
  gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-3.0 gir1.2-json-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0 gir1.2-networkmanager-1.0 gir1.2-notify-0.7 gir1.2-panelapplet-4.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0
  gir1.2-peas-1.0 gir1.2-polkit-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-soup-2.4 gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12 gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2 gir1.2-totem-1.0
  gir1.2-totem-plparser-1.0 gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gir1.2-vte-2.90 gir1.2-webkit-3.0 gir1.2-wnck-3.0 gir1.2-xkl-1.0 git-man gjs gkbd-capplet glchess
  glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services glines gnect gnibbles gnobots2 gnome-bluetooth gnome-contacts gnome-control-center-data
  gnome-desktop3-data gnome-font-viewer gnome-icon-theme-extras gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-online-accounts gnome-packagekit gnome-packagekit-data
  gnome-shell gnome-shell-common gnome-sudoku gnome-sushi gnome-themes-standard gnome-themes-standard-data gnome-user-share gnome-video-effects gnomine
  gnotravex gnotski gnuplot gnuplot-nox grilo-plugins-0.1 groff growisofs gsettings-desktop-schemas gstreamer0.10-gconf gtali guile-2.0-libs gvfs-common
  gvfs-daemons gvfs-libs hardening-includes hwdata iagno ienglish-common imagemagick-common ioquake3 ioquake3-server iputils-tracepath ipxe-qemu iw
  keyutils kmod krb5-locales lib32itm1 lib32quadmath0 lib32tinfo-dev lib32tinfo5 libaacplus2 libaacs0 libabiword-2.9 libaccountsservice0 libamd2.2.0
  libapache-pom-java libapol4 libapt-inst1.5 libapt-pkg4.12 libaqbanking-plugins-libgwenhywfar60 libaqbanking34 libaqbanking34-plugins libaqhbci20
  libaqofxconnect7 libarchive12 libasprintf0c2 libassuan0 libatk-adaptor libatk-adaptor-data libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatkmm-1.6-1 libatkmm-1.6-dev
  libatspi2.0-0 libaudiofile1 libavahi-ui-gtk3-0 libavcodec53 libavcodec54 libavformat53 libavformat54 libavutil51 libbabl-0.1-0 libbind9-80 libbison-dev
  libblas3 libbluray1 libboost-iostreams1.49.0 libboost-program-options1.49.0 libboost-python1.49.0 libboost-serialization1.49.0 libboost-thread1.49.0
  libbrasero-media3-1 libcairo-gobject2 libcairo-script-interpreter2 libcamel-1.2-33 libcanberra-dev libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module
  libcanberra-pulse libcapi20-3 libcaribou-common libcaribou-gtk-module libcaribou-gtk3-module libcaribou0 libccrtp0 libcdio-cdda1 libcdio-paranoia1
  libcdio13 libcfg4 libchamplain-0.12-0 libchamplain-gtk-0.12-0 libcheese-gtk21 libcheese3 libclass-factory-util-perl libclass-isa-perl libclass-load-perl
  libclass-load-xs-perl libclutter-1.0-common libclutter-gst-1.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libclutter-imcontext-0.1-0 libclutter-imcontext-0.1-bin
  libcluttergesture-0.0.2-0 libcmis-0.2-0 libcogl-common libcogl-pango0 libcogl9 libcolord1 libcommons-parent-java libconfdb4 libcoroipcc4 libcoroipcs4
  libcpg4 libcryptsetup4 libcrystalhd3 libcupsfilters1 libcw3 libdata-alias-perl libdatetime-format-builder-perl libdatetime-format-iso8601-perl
  libdb-java libdb5.1 libdb5.1-dev libdb5.1-java libdb5.1-java-jni libdbus-c++-1-0 libdbus-glib1.0-cil libdbus1.0-cil libdconf0 libdee-1.0-4
  libdevel-partialdump-perl libdevhelp-3-0 libdevmapper-event1.02.1 libdistro-info-perl libdmapsharing-3.0-2 libdns88 libdotconf1.0 libdvbpsi7
  libebackend-1.2-2 libebml3 libebook-1.2-13 libecal-1.2-11 libecore1 libedata-book-1.2-13 libedata-cal-1.2-15 libedataserver-1.2-16
  libedataserverui-3.0-1 libeina1 libemail-valid-perl libencode-locale-perl libepc-1.0-3 libepc-ui-1.0-3 libept1.4.12 libescpr1 libev4
  libeval-closure-perl libevdocument3-4 libevent-2.0-5 libevent-perl libevs4 libevview3-3 libexiv2-12 libexosip2-7 libexporter-lite-perl
  libexttextcat-data libexttextcat0 libfakechroot libfarstream-0.1-0 libfdk-aac0 libfdt1 libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl
  libfile-fcntllock-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfltk-images1.3 libfltk1.3 libfolks-eds25 libfolks-telepathy25 libfolks25
  libfont-afm-perl libgail-3-0 libgcj13 libgcj13-awt libgck-1-0 libgconf-2-4 libgconf2-doc libgcr-3-1 libgcr-3-common libgd2-xpm libgdata13
  libgdata2.1-cil libgdict-common libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev libgegl-0.2-0 libgeocode-glib0 libgettextpo0 libgexiv2-1
  libgirepository-1.0-1 libgjs0b libgkeyfile1.0-cil libgladeui-2-0 libgladeui-common libglapi-mesa libglew1.7 libglib2.0-bin libgmime-2.6-0
  libgmime2.6-cil libgmp10 libgnome-bluetooth10 libgnome-desktop-3-2 libgnome-keyring-common libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0 libgnome-menu-3-0 libgnomekbd7
  libgnutls-openssl27 libgnutlsxx27 libgoa-1.0-0 libgoa-1.0-common libgphoto2-l10n libgraphite2-2.0.0 libgrilo-0.1-0 libgs9 libgs9-common libgssdp-1.0-3
  libgstreamer-plugins-bad0.10-0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgtk-3-dev libgtk-3-doc libgtk-sharp-beans-cil libgtk-vnc-2.0-0
  libgtkhtml-4.0-0 libgtkhtml-4.0-common libgtkhtml-editor-4.0-0 libgtkmm-3.0-1 libgtksourceview-3.0-0 libgtksourceview-3.0-common libgucharmap-2-90-7
  libgudev1.0-cil libgupnp-1.0-4 libgupnp-av-1.0-2 libgupnp-igd-1.0-4 libgusb2 libgvnc-1.0-0 libgweather-3-0 libgwenhywfar-data libgwenhywfar60 libgxps2
  libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl
  libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libhunspell-1.3-0 libicu48 libimobiledevice2 libio-aio-perl libisc84 libisccc80 libisccfg82 libiscsi1
  libiso9660-8 libisoburn1 libitm1 libjavascriptcoregtk-1.0-0 libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0 libjbig0 libjs-sphinxdoc libjs-underscore libjson0 libjte1
  libkadm5clnt-mit8 libkadm5srv-mit8 libkarma0 libkdb5-6 libkmod2 libkpathsea6 liblapack3 liblavfile-2.0-0 liblavjpeg-2.0-0 liblavplay-2.0-0 liblcms2-2
  liblensfun-data liblensfun0 liblinear-tools liblinear1 liblinphone4 liblockfile-bin liblogsys4 liblvm2app2.2 liblwp-mediatypes-perl
  liblwp-protocol-https-perl liblwres80 liblzma5 libmaa3 libmagick++5 libmagickcore5 libmagickcore5-extra libmagickwand5 libmath-bigint-perl
  libmath-round-perl libmatroska5 libmediastreamer1 libmhash2 libminiupnpc5 libmission-control-plugins0 libmjpegutils-2.0-0 libmodule-implementation-perl
  libmodule-runtime-perl libmono-2.0-1 libmono-2.0-dev libmono-accessibility4.0-cil libmono-cairo4.0-cil libmono-codecontracts4.0-cil
  libmono-compilerservices-symbolwriter4.0-cil libmono-corlib4.0-cil libmono-csharp4.0-cil libmono-custommarshalers4.0-cil libmono-data-tds4.0-cil
  libmono-debugger-soft2.0-cil libmono-debugger-soft4.0-cil libmono-http4.0-cil libmono-i18n-cjk4.0-cil libmono-i18n-mideast4.0-cil
  libmono-i18n-other4.0-cil libmono-i18n-rare4.0-cil libmono-i18n-west4.0-cil libmono-i18n4.0-all libmono-i18n4.0-cil libmono-ldap4.0-cil
  libmono-management4.0-cil libmono-messaging-rabbitmq4.0-cil libmono-messaging4.0-cil libmono-microsoft-build-engine4.0-cil
  libmono-microsoft-build-framework4.0-cil libmono-microsoft-build-tasks-v4.0-4.0-cil libmono-microsoft-build-utilities-v4.0-4.0-cil
  libmono-microsoft-csharp4.0-cil libmono-microsoft-visualc10.0-cil libmono-microsoft-web-infrastructure1.0-cil libmono-npgsql4.0-cil
  libmono-opensystem-c4.0-cil libmono-oracle4.0-cil libmono-peapi4.0-cil libmono-posix4.0-cil libmono-rabbitmq4.0-cil libmono-relaxng4.0-cil
  libmono-security4.0-cil libmono-sharpzip4.84-cil libmono-simd4.0-cil libmono-sqlite4.0-cil libmono-system-componentmodel-composition4.0-cil
  libmono-system-componentmodel-dataannotations4.0-cil libmono-system-configuration-install4.0-cil libmono-system-configuration4.0-cil
  libmono-system-core4.0-cil libmono-system-data-datasetextensions4.0-cil libmono-system-data-linq4.0-cil libmono-system-data-services-client4.0-cil
  libmono-system-data-services4.0-cil libmono-system-data4.0-cil libmono-system-design4.0-cil libmono-system-drawing-design4.0-cil
  libmono-system-drawing4.0-cil libmono-system-dynamic4.0-cil libmono-system-enterpriseservices4.0-cil libmono-system-identitymodel-selectors4.0-cil
  libmono-system-identitymodel4.0-cil libmono-system-ldap4.0-cil libmono-system-management4.0-cil libmono-system-messaging4.0-cil
  libmono-system-net4.0-cil libmono-system-numerics4.0-cil libmono-system-runtime-caching4.0-cil libmono-system-runtime-durableinstancing4.0-cil
  libmono-system-runtime-serialization-formatters-soap4.0-cil libmono-system-runtime-serialization4.0-cil libmono-system-runtime4.0-cil
  libmono-system-security4.0-cil libmono-system-servicemodel-discovery4.0-cil libmono-system-servicemodel-routing4.0-cil
  libmono-system-servicemodel-web4.0-cil libmono-system-servicemodel4.0-cil libmono-system-serviceprocess4.0-cil libmono-system-transactions4.0-cil
  libmono-system-web-abstractions4.0-cil libmono-system-web-applicationservices4.0-cil libmono-system-web-dynamicdata4.0-cil
  libmono-system-web-extensions-design4.0-cil libmono-system-web-extensions4.0-cil libmono-system-web-routing4.0-cil libmono-system-web-services4.0-cil
  libmono-system-web4.0-cil libmono-system-windows-forms-datavisualization4.0-cil libmono-system-windows-forms4.0-cil libmono-system-xaml4.0-cil
  libmono-system-xml-linq4.0-cil libmono-system-xml4.0-cil libmono-system4.0-cil libmono-tasklets4.0-cil libmono-web4.0-cil libmono-webbrowser2.0-cil
  libmono-webbrowser4.0-cil libmono-webmatrix-data4.0-cil libmono-windowsbase4.0-cil libmount1 libmozjs10d libmozjs17d libmozjs185-1.0 libmpeg2encpp-2.0-0
  libmplex2-2.0-0 libmtdev1 libmtp-common libmtp-runtime libmtp9 libmupen64plus2 libmusicbrainz-discid-perl libmusicbrainz5-0 libmutter0 libmx-1.0-2
  libmx-bin libmx-common libmysqlclient18 libnatpmp1 libnautilus-extension1a libnet-domain-tld-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-ip-minimal-perl libnetcf1
  libnetfilter-conntrack3 libnettle4 libnewtonsoft-json4.5-cil libnice10 libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200 libnl-route-3-200 libnm-glib4 libnm-gtk-common
  libnm-gtk0 libnm-util2 libnotify4 libnspr4 libnss-winbind libnss3 libnuma1 libnunit2.6-cil liboauth0 libodbc1 liboobs-1-5 libopal3.10.4 libopenal-data
  libopus0 libosip2-7 libp11-2 libp11-kit-dev libp11-kit0 libpackage-stash-xs-perl libpackagekit-glib2-14 libpam-cap libpam-modules-bin libpam-winbind
  libpanel-applet-4-0 libparams-classify-perl libpcre3-dev libpcrecpp0 libpeas-1.0-0 libpeas-common libperl5.14 libpipeline1 libpload4 libpodofo0.9.0
  libpoe-component-resolver-perl libpoppler-glib8 libpoppler19 libportsmf0 libpostproc52 libprocps0 libpst4 libpt2.10.4 libptexenc1 libpython2.7
  libqt4-declarative libqtassistantclient4 libqtdbus4 libqtwebkit4 libquadmath0 libquicktime2 libquorum4 libquvi-scripts libquvi7 libraptor2-0 librasqal3
  libraw5 libregexp-reggrp-perl libreoffice libreoffice-base libreoffice-base-core libreoffice-calc libreoffice-common libreoffice-core libreoffice-draw
  libreoffice-emailmerge libreoffice-evolution libreoffice-filter-binfilter libreoffice-filter-mobiledev libreoffice-gnome libreoffice-gtk
  libreoffice-help-en-us libreoffice-impress libreoffice-java-common libreoffice-math libreoffice-officebean libreoffice-report-builder-bin
  libreoffice-style-galaxy libreoffice-style-tango libreoffice-writer libresid-builder0c2a librest-0.7-0 librest-extras-0.7-0 librhythmbox-core6 librpm3
  librpmbuild3 librpmio3 librpmsign1 libruby1.9.1 libsaamf3 libsackpt3 libsaclm3 libsaevt3 libsalck3 libsam4 libsamsg4 libsane-common
  libsane-extras-common libsatmr3 libsbsms10 libseed-gtk3-0 libsidplay2 libsigsegv2 libsocialweb-client2 libsocialweb-common libsocialweb-service
  libsocialweb0 libsocket-getaddrinfo-perl libsocket-perl libsonic0 libsoundtouch0 libsox2 libspeechd2 libspice-client-glib-2.0-1
  libspice-client-gtk-2.0-1 libspice-server1 libssl-doc libssl1.0.0 libstdc++6-4.7-dev libsvm-tools libswitch-perl libswscale2 libsystemd-daemon0
  libsystemd-login0 libtagc0 libtelepathy-farstream2 libtelepathy-logger2 libtest-warn-perl libtinfo-dev libtinfo5 libtirpc1 libtokyocabinet9 libtotem-pg4
  libtotem0 libtqsllib1 libtracker-sparql-0.14-0 libtree-dagnode-perl libts-dev libucommon5 libumfpack5.4.0 libunique-3.0-0 libupnp6 libusbredirhost1
  libusbredirparser0 libv4lconvert0 libverto-libev1 libverto1 libvisio-0.0-0 libvlccore5 libvo-aacenc0 libvo-amrwbenc0 libvorbisidec1 libvotequorum4
  libvpx1 libvte-2.90-9 libvte-2.90-common libwacom-common libwacom2 libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-common libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 libwebkitgtk-3.0-common
  libwebp2 libwebrtc-audio-processing-0 libwildmidi-config libwireshark-data libwireshark2 libwiretap2 libwnck-3-0 libwnck-3-common libwpd-0.9-9
  libwpg-0.2-2 libwps-0.2-2 libwsutil2 libwv-1.2-4 libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-doc libx11-protocol-perl libx264-123 libx264-124 libx264-130 libx264-132
  libxalan2-java libxcb-composite0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-shm0-dev libxcb-util0 libxen-4.1 libxml-commons-external-java
  libxml-commons-resolver1.1-java libxml-sax-base-perl libxmlrpc-c++4 libxmlrpc-core-c3 libxz-java libyajl2 libyaml-0-2 libyaml-perl libyelp0 libzrtpcpp2
  libzvbi-common libzvbi0 lightsoff linphone-nogtk linux-headers-3.2.0-4-amd64 linux-headers-3.2.0-4-common linux-headers-amd64 linux-image-3.2.0-4-amd64
  linux-image-amd64 linux-kbuild-3.2 live-boot-doc live-config-doc live-manual-html mahjongg memtest86+ minissdpd mono-4.0-gac mono-dmcs mscompress
  multiarch-support mupen64plus-audio-all mupen64plus-audio-sdl mupen64plus-data mupen64plus-input-all mupen64plus-input-sdl mupen64plus-rsp-all
  mupen64plus-rsp-hle mupen64plus-rsp-z64 mupen64plus-ui-console mupen64plus-video-all mupen64plus-video-arachnoid mupen64plus-video-glide64
  mupen64plus-video-rice mupen64plus-video-z64 mutter-common mysql-client-5.5 mysql-server-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5 mythes-en-us openarena-081-maps
  openarena-081-misc openarena-081-players openarena-081-players-mature openarena-081-textures openarena-085-data openarena-088-data packagekit
  packagekit-backend-aptcc packagekit-tools planner-data planner-doc poppler-data printer-driver-all printer-driver-c2050 printer-driver-c2esp
  printer-driver-cjet printer-driver-escpr printer-driver-foo2zjs printer-driver-gutenprint printer-driver-hpcups printer-driver-hpijs
  printer-driver-m2300w printer-driver-min12xxw printer-driver-pnm2ppa printer-driver-postscript-hp printer-driver-ptouch printer-driver-pxljr
  printer-driver-sag-gdi printer-driver-splix psutils python-aptdaemon.gtk3widgets python-aptdaemon.gtkwidgets python-bzrlib python-dbus-dev
  python-debianbts python-defer python-dnspython python-fpconst python-gi python-gi-cairo python-gi-dev python-gobject-2 python-gobject-2-dev
  python-keyring python-launchpadlib python-lazr.restfulclient python-lazr.uri python-liblarch python-liblarch-gtk python-magic python-oauth
  python-packagekit python-pyatspi2 python-pyparsing python-repoze.lru python-routes python-setools python-simplejson python-soappy python-speechd
  python-spice-client-gtk python-wadllib python-webob python-zeitgeist python2.7 python2.7-dev python2.7-minimal qdbus quadrapassel remmina-common
  rhythmbox-data rpcbind rtkit ruby ruby1.9.1 shotwell-common smartdimmer software-properties-common sound-theme-freedesktop speech-dispatcher
  sphinx-common sphinx-doc swell-foop syslinux-themes-debian syslinux-themes-debian-wheezy tdb-tools telepathy-haze telepathy-logger telepathy-rakia
  tex-gyre ttf-marvosym wireless-regdb xbrlapi xorg-sgml-doctools xorriso xserver-xorg-input-mouse xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse xulrunner-17.0 yelp-xsl
  zeitgeist-core zenity-common
The following packages have been kept back:
  acroread-debian-files db4.8-util hibernate ia32-libs ia32-libs-gtk libboost-dev libboost-serialization-dev opensc wine
The following packages will be upgraded:
  abcde abiword abiword-common abiword-plugin-grammar abiword-plugin-mathview acpi acpi-fakekey acpi-support acpi-support-base acpid acroread-data
  acroread-dictionary-en acroread-l10n-en adduser alacarte alsa-base alsa-utils amb-plugins anacron analog ant ant-optional apache2 apache2-doc
  apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-bin apache2.2-common app-install-data apt apt-file apt-utils apt-xapian-index aptdaemon aptitude
  aqbanking-tools aspell aspell-en asterisk asterisk-config asterisk-core-sounds-en-gsm asterisk-doc asterisk-voicemail astyle at audacity audacity-data
  augeas-lenses augeas-tools autoconf autoconf-doc automake automake1.9 autopoint autotools-dev avahi-autoipd avahi-daemon avidemux avidemux-common
  avidemux-plugins aview ax25-tools banshee baobab base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bc bind9-doc bind9-host bind9utils binfmt-support binutils
  bison bluez-cups bogofilter bogofilter-bdb bogofilter-common brasero brasero-common bridge-utils browser-plugin-gnash bsd-mailx bsdmainutils bsdutils
  busybox buzztard buzztard-data bwidget bzip2 bzr bzrtools ca-certificates calibre calibre-bin ccache cd-discid cdebootstrap cdparanoia cdrdao
  checkpolicy cheese cheese-common chromium-browser chromium-browser-inspector cifs-utils cl-asdf cli-common clisp comerr-dev common-lisp-controller
  console-common console-data console-tools consolekit coreutils cowbuilder cowdancer cpio cpp cpp-4.4 cpufrequtils cracklib-runtime crawl-common
  crawl-tiles cron cryptsetup cups cups-bsd cups-client cups-common cups-driver-gutenprint cups-pk-helper cups-ppdc cupsddk curl curlftpfs cvs cw dash
  dasher dasher-data dbus dbus-x11 dc dcraw dctrl-tools debconf debconf-i18n debhelper debian-archive-keyring debian-faq debian-keyring debianutils debirf
  debootstrap desktop-base desktop-file-utils devhelp devhelp-common devscripts dialog dict dictionaries-common diffstat diffutils djtools dkms dmidecode
  dmsetup dnsmasq-base dnsutils doc-debian docbook docbook-dsssl docbook-to-man docbook-utils docbook-xml docbook-xsl docbook-xsl-doc-html docky dosemu
  dosfstools dpatch dpkg dpkg-dev dput dvd+rw-tools dvi2ps dynagen dynamips e2fslibs e2fsprogs ebtables ed eject ekiga emacs23-bin-common emacs23-common
  emacs23-nox emacsen-common emdebian-archive-keyring empathy empathy-common eog epiphany-browser epiphany-browser-data epiphany-extensions esound-common
  espeak espeak-data ethtool evince evince-common evolution evolution-common evolution-data-server evolution-data-server-common evolution-exchange
  evolution-plugins evolution-webcal exif exiftags exim4 exim4-base exim4-config exim4-daemon-light exiv2 f-spot fakechroot fakeroot fancontrol fceu
  fcrackzip fdupes feynmf file file-roller finch findutils firmware-iwlwifi firmware-linux-free firmware-linux-nonfree flac flashrom fldigi flex
  fontconfig fontconfig-config foo2zjs foomatic-db foomatic-db-engine foomatic-db-gutenprint foomatic-filters fping freedesktop-sound-theme freeglut3
  freetds-common ftp fuse-utils g++ g++-4.4 g++-4.4-multilib g++-multilib gawk gcalctool gcc gcc-4.4 gcc-4.4-base gcc-4.4-doc gcc-4.4-multilib
  gcc-doc-base gcc-multilib gcj-jre gcj-jre-headless gconf-defaults-service gconf-editor gconf2 gconf2-common gddrescue gdebi gdebi-core gedit
  gedit-common gedit-plugins genisoimage geoclue geoclue-hostip geoclue-localnet geoclue-manual geoclue-yahoo geoip-database gettext gettext-base
  ghostscript ghostscript-cups gimp gimp-data git git-buildpackage git-core git-svn gitk gksu glade gnash gnash-common gnash-opengl
  gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-applets-data gnome-backgrounds gnome-cards-data gnome-common gnome-control-center gnome-control-center-dev
  gnome-desktop-data gnome-dictionary gnome-disk-utility gnome-do gnome-do-plugins gnome-doc-utils gnome-games gnome-games-data gnome-games-extra-data
  gnome-icon-theme gnome-js-common gnome-keyring gnome-mag gnome-media gnome-menus gnome-nettool gnome-orca gnome-panel-data gnome-pkg-tools
  gnome-power-manager gnome-rdp gnome-screensaver gnome-screenshot gnome-search-tool gnome-session gnome-session-bin gnome-session-canberra
  gnome-session-common gnome-settings-daemon gnome-settings-daemon-dev gnome-system-log gnome-system-monitor gnome-system-tools gnome-terminal
  gnome-terminal-data gnome-user-guide gnomint gnu-fdisk gnucash-docs gnuchess gnumeric gnumeric-common gnupg gnupg-agent gocr google-talkplugin gparted
  gpgv gpredict gpscorrelate grep groff-base grub-common grub-legacy gsfonts-x11 gsmartcontrol gstreamer0.10-alsa gstreamer0.10-buzztard
  gstreamer0.10-buzztard-doc gstreamer0.10-doc gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg-dbg gstreamer0.10-fluendo-mp3 gstreamer0.10-gnonlin
  gstreamer0.10-gnonlin-dbg gstreamer0.10-gnonlin-doc gstreamer0.10-nice gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-dbg
  gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-doc gstreamer0.10-plugins-base gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-apps gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-dbg gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-doc
  gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-good-dbg gstreamer0.10-plugins-good-doc gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-dbg
  gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-doc gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio gstreamer0.10-tools gstreamer0.10-x gtg gthumb gthumb-data gtk2-engines gtk2-engines-pixbuf
  gucharmap guile-1.6 guile-1.6-libs guile-1.8-libs gvfs gvfs-backends gvfs-bin gzip hal hamster-applet hardinfo hddtemp hdparm hfsprogs hostname hp-ppd
  hpijs hplip hplip-cups hplip-data htmldoc htmldoc-common iamerican ibritish iceweasel ifupdown ijsgutenprint imagemagick imagemagick-doc info
  initramfs-tools initscripts inkscape insserv install-info installation-report intltool iotop iproute ipsec-tools iptables iptraf iputils-ping
  ircd-hybrid irssi isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common isc-dhcp-server iscsitarget-dkms iso-codes ispell jack jadetex java-common jigdo-file keyanalyze
  keyboard-configuration keychain klibc-utils kpartx krb5-admin-server krb5-auth-dialog krb5-config krb5-doc krb5-kdc krb5-kdc-ldap krb5-multidev
  krb5-pkinit krb5-user lacheck lame latex-beamer latex-xcolor less lesstif2 lesstif2-dev lib32asound2 lib32bz2-1.0 lib32gcc1 lib32gomp1 lib32ncurses5
  lib32ncurses5-dev lib32nss-mdns lib32readline5 lib32stdc++6 lib32v4l-0 lib32z1 lib32z1-dev liba52-0.7.4 libaa1 libaa1-dev libacl1 libaften0
  libaiksaurus-1.2-0c2a libaiksaurus-1.2-data libaiksaurusgtk-1.2-0c2a libaio1 libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libany-moose-perl libanyevent-perl libao-common
  libao4 libapache-dbi-perl libapache2-mod-apreq2 libapache2-mod-dnssd libapache2-mod-perl2 libapache2-mod-php5 libapache2-mod-python
  libapache2-request-perl libappconfig-perl libapr1 libapreq2 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap libapt-pkg-perl libaqbanking-data
  libarchive-zip-perl libart-2.0-2 libart-2.0-dev libart2.0-cil libasn1-8-heimdal libasound2 libasound2-dev libasound2-plugins libaspell15 libass4
  libasync-interrupt-perl libasyncns0 libatasmart4 libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data libatk1.0-dev libatk1.0-doc libatspi1.0-0 libattr1 libaudio-dev libaudio2
  libaudiofile-dev libaudit0 libaugeas0 libavahi-client-dev libavahi-client3 libavahi-common-data libavahi-common-dev libavahi-common3 libavahi-core7
  libavahi-glib-dev libavahi-glib1 libavahi-gobject0 libavahi-ui0 libavc1394-0 libax25 libb-hooks-endofscope-perl libb-keywords-perl libbind9-60
  libblas3gf libblkid1 libbluetooth3 libbml0 libboo2.0.9-cil libbrlapi0.5 libbs2b0 libbsd0 libburn4 libbusiness-paypal-api-perl
  libbusiness-tax-vat-validation-perl libbuzztard0 libbz2-1.0 libc-ares2 libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libc6-dev-i386 libc6-i386 libcaca-dev
  libcaca0 libcache-fastmmap-perl libcairo-perl libcairo2 libcairo2-dev libcairomm-1.0-1 libcairomm-1.0-dev libcanberra-gtk0 libcanberra0 libcap-ng0
  libcap2 libcap2-bin libcapture-tiny-perl libccid libcdaudio1 libcddb-get-perl libcddb2 libcdparanoia0 libcdt4 libchm-bin libchm1 libck-connector0
  libclass-c3-perl libclass-c3-xs-perl libclass-insideout-perl libclass-inspector-perl libclass-method-modifiers-perl libclass-methodmaker-perl
  libclone-perl libclutter-1.0-0 libcolamd2.7.1 libcolor-calc-perl libcomedi0 libcomerr2 libcommon-sense-perl libcommons-beanutils-java
  libcommons-collections3-java libcommons-compress-java libcommons-digester-java libcommons-logging-java libconfig-inifiles-perl libconfig-json-perl
  libconfig-tiny-perl libconsole libcontextual-return-perl libconvert-asn1-perl libcoro-perl libcorosync4 libcpufreq-dev libcpufreq0 libcrack2 libcroco3
  libcrypt-openssl-bignum-perl libcrypt-openssl-random-perl libcrypt-openssl-rsa-perl libcrypt-passwdmd5-perl libcrypt-ssleay-perl libcss-minifier-xs-perl
  libcss-packer-perl libcups2 libcupscgi1 libcupsdriver1 libcupsimage2 libcupsmime1 libcupsppdc1 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libcurses-perl libcwidget3
  libdata-optlist-perl libdata-structure-util-perl libdata-visitor-perl libdatetime-format-http-perl libdatetime-perl libdatetime-set-perl
  libdatetime-timezone-perl libdatrie1 libdb-dev libdb-je-java libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libdbus-1-3 libdbus-1-dev libdbus-glib-1-2 libdbus-glib-1-dev
  libdc1394-22 libdca0 libdebian-installer-extra4 libdebian-installer4 libdevel-globaldestruction-perl libdevel-size-perl libdevel-stacktrace-perl
  libdevel-symdump-perl libdevmapper1.02.1 libdigest-hmac-perl libdirac-decoder0 libdirac-encoder0 libdirectfb-1.2-9 libdirectfb-extra libdiscid0
  libdjvulibre-text libdjvulibre21 libdns69 libdpkg-perl libdrm-dev libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau1a libdrm-radeon1 libdrm2 libdv4 libdvdcss2 libdvdnav4
  libdvdread4 libedit2 libelf1 libelfg0 libemail-address-perl libenca0 libenchant1c2a libengine-pkcs11-openssl libepc-common libesd0 libesd0-dev
  libespeak1 libevolution libexception-class-perl libexempi3 libexif12 libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libexpect-perl libfaac0 libfaad2 libfcgi-perl libfcgi0ldbl
  libffi-dev libffi5 libfftw3-3 libfile-homedir-perl libfile-libmagic-perl libfile-mmagic-perl libfile-slurp-perl libfile-which-perl libfilter-perl
  libfinance-quote-perl libflac++6 libflac8 libflickrnet2.2-cil libflite1 libfltk1.1 libfluidsynth1 libfontconfig1 libfontconfig1-dev libfontenc1
  libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libfribidi0 libfs6 libftdi-dev libftdi1 libfuse2 libgail-common libgail-dev libgail18 libgc1c2 libgcc1 libgcj-bc
  libgcj-common libgconf2-4 libgconf2-dev libgconf2.0-cil libgcrypt11 libgcrypt11-dev libgd-gd2-noxpm-perl libgdata-common libgdbm3 libgdict-1.0-6
  libgdiplus libgdome2-0 libgdome2-cpp-smart0c2a libgdu-gtk0 libgdu0 libgee2 libgeoclue0 libgeoip1 libgfortran3 libgif4 libgimp2.0 libgio-cil libgksu2-0
  libgl1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglade2.0-cil libgladeui-1-9 libglib-perl libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-cil libglib2.0-data libglib2.0-dev
  libglib2.0-doc libglibmm-2.4-1c2a libglibmm-2.4-dev libglu1-mesa libglu1-mesa-dev libgnome-desktop-2-17 libgnome-desktop-dev libgnome-keyring-dev
  libgnome-keyring0 libgnome-keyring1.0-cil libgnome-mag2 libgnome-menu2 libgnome-speech7 libgnome-vfs2.0-cil libgnome2-0 libgnome2-canvas-perl
  libgnome2-common libgnome2-dev libgnome2-perl libgnome2-vfs-perl libgnome2.24-cil libgnomecanvas2-0 libgnomecanvas2-common libgnomecanvas2-dev
  libgnomedesktop2.20-cil libgnomekbd-common libgnomeui-0 libgnomeui-common libgnomeui-dev libgnomevfs2-0 libgnomevfs2-common libgnomevfs2-dev
  libgnomevfs2-extra libgnupg-interface-perl libgnutls-dev libgnutls26 libgoffice-0.8-8 libgoffice-0.8-8-common libgomp1 libgpg-error-dev libgpg-error0
  libgpgme11 libgphoto2-2 libgphoto2-port0 libgpm2 libgpod-common libgpod4 libgraph4 libgsf-1-114 libgsf-1-common libgsl0ldbl libgsm0710-0 libgsm1
  libgssapi-krb5-2 libgssglue1 libgssrpc4 libgstbuzztard0 libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0 libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev libgstreamer0.10-0
  libgstreamer0.10-0-dbg libgstreamer0.10-dev libgtk-vnc-1.0-0 libgtk2-perl libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtk2.0-cil libgtk2.0-common libgtk2.0-dev
  libgtk2.0-doc libgtkglext1 libgtkhtml3.14-19 libgtkimageview0 libgtkmathview0c2a libgtkmm-2.4-1c2a libgtkmm-2.4-dev libgtop2-7 libgtop2-common
  libgtop2-dev libguard-perl libgudev-1.0-0 libguile-ltdl-1 libgutenprint2 libgvc5 libgweather-common libhal-dev libhal-storage1 libhal1 libhamlib2
  libhpmud0 libhsqldb-java libhtml-packer-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tableextract-perl libhtml-tagcloud-perl libhtml-template-expr-perl
  libhtml-template-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhtml-treebuilder-xpath-perl libhttp-server-simple-perl libhx509-5-heimdal libhyphen0 libical0 libice-dev
  libice6 libicu44 libicu4j-java libidl-dev libidl0 libidn11 libidn11-dev libieee1284-3 libijs-0.35 libilmbase6 libimage-exif-perl libimage-exiftool-perl
  libio-pty-perl libio-socket-inet6-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libio-stringy-perl libio-stty-perl libipc-run-perl libiptcdata0 libisc62 libisccc60
  libisccfg62 libisofs6 libiw30 libjack0 libjasper1 libjavascript-minifier-xs-perl libjavascript-packer-perl libjaxp1.3-java libjaxp1.3-java-gcj
  libjbig2dec0 libjline-java libjpeg-progs libjpeg62 libjpeg8 libjs-jquery libjs-yui libjson-any-perl libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-perl libjson-xs-perl
  libjtidy-java libk5crypto3 libkadm5clnt-mit7 libkadm5srv-mit7 libkate1 libkdb5-4 libkeyutils1 libklibc libkms1 libkrb5-26-heimdal libkrb5-3
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Thirty years ago I started to learn programming. To celebrate this, I'm doing a bit of programming as a sort of performance art. I will write a new program, from scratch, until it is ready for me to start using it for real. The program won't be finished, but it will be ready for my own production use. It'll be something I have wanted to have for a while, but I'm not saying beforehand what it will be. For me, the end result is interesting; for you, the interesting part is watching me be stupid and make funny mistakes. The performance starts Friday, 18 April 2014, at 09:00 UTC. I apologise if this is an awkward time for you. No time is good for everyone, so I picked a time that is good for me. Run the following command to see what the local time will be for you.

date --date '2014-04-18 09:00:00 UTC'

While I write this program, I will broadcast my terminal to the Internet for anyone to see. For instructions, see the http://liw.fi/distix/performance-art/ page. There will be an IRC channel as well: #distix on the OFTC network (irc.oftc.net). Feel free to join there if you want to provide real time feedback (the laugh track).

Wow, it's been a while since I've done this. In part because I've not had much time for reading books (which doesn't prevent me from buying them). Jared Bernstein & Dean Baker Getting Back to Full Employment (non-fiction)
James Coughtrey Six Seconds of Moonlight (sff)
Philip J. Davis & Reuben Hersh The Mathematical Experience (non-fiction)
Debra Dunbar A Demon Bound (sff)
Andy Duncan & Ellen Klages Wakulla Springs (sff)
Dave Eggers & Jordan Bass The Best of McSweeny's (mainstream)
Siri Hustvedt The Blazing World (mainstream)
Jacqueline Koyanagi Ascension (sff)
Ann Leckie Ancillary Justice (sff)
Adam Lee Dark Heart (sff)
Seanan McGuire One Salt Sea (sff)
Seanan McGuire Ashes of Honor (sff)
Seanan McGuire Chimes at Midnight (sff)
Seanan McGuire Midnight Blue-Light Special (sff)
Seanan McGuire Indexing (sff)
Naomi Mitchinson Travel Light (sff)
Helaine Olen Pound Foolish (non-fiction)
Richard Powers Orfeo (mainstream)
Veronica Schanoes Burning Girls (sff)
Karl Schroeder Lockstep (sff)
Charles Stross The Bloodline Feud (sff)
Charles Stross The Traders' War (sff)
Charles Stross The Revolution Trade (sff)
Matthew Thomas We Are Not Ourselves (mainstream)
Kevin Underhill The Emergency Sasquatch Ordinance (non-fiction)
Jo Walton What Makes This Book So Great? (non-fiction) So, yeah. A lot of stuff. I went ahead and bought nearly all of the novels Seanan McGuire had out that I'd not read yet after realizing that I'm going to eventually read all of them and there's no reason not to just own them. I also bought all of the Stross reissues of the Merchant Princes series, even though I had some of the books individually, since I think it will make it more likely I'll read the whole series this way. I have so much stuff that I want to read, but I've not really been in the mood for fiction. I'm trying to destress enough to get back in the mood, but in the meantime have mostly been reading non-fiction or really light fluff (as you'll see from my upcoming reviews). Of that long list, Ancillary Justice is getting a lot of press and looks interesting, and Lockstep is a new Schroeder novel. 'Nuff said. Kevin Underhill is the author of Lowering the Bar, which you should read if you haven't since it's hilarious. I'm obviously looking forward to that. The relatively obscure mainstream novels here are more Powell's Indiespensible books. I will probably cancel that subscription soon, at least for a while, since I'm just building up a backlog, but that's part of my general effort to read more mainstream fiction. (I was a bit disappointed since there were several months with only one book, but the current month finally came with two books again.) Now I just need to buckle down and read. And play video games. And do other things that are fun rather than spending all my time trying to destress from work and zoning in front of the TV.

Review: Cryptography Engineering, by Niels Ferguson, et al.

Publisher:	Wiley
Copyright:	2010
ISBN:	0-470-47424-6
Format:	Kindle
Pages:	384

Subtitled Design Principles and Practical Applications, Cryptography Engineering is intended as an overview and introduction to cryptography for the non-expert. It doesn't dive deeply into the math, although there is still a fairly thorough mathematical introduction to public-key cryptography. Instead, it focuses on the principles, tools, and algorithms that are the most concretely useful to a practitioner who is trying to design secure systems rather than doing theoretical cryptography. The "et al." in the author summary hides Bruce Schneier and Tadayoshi Kohno, and this book is officially the second edition of Practical Cryptography by Ferguson and Schneier. Schneier's name will be familiar from, among other things, Applied Cryptography, and I'll have more to say later about which of the two books one should read (and the merits of reading both). But one of the immediately-apparent advantages of Cryptography Engineering is that it's recent. Its 2010 publication date means that it recommends AES as a block cipher, discusses MD5 weaknesses, and can discuss and recommend SHA-2. For the reader whose concern with cryptography is primarily "what should I use now for new work," this has huge benefit. "What should I use for new work" is the primary focus of this book. There is some survey of the field, but that survey is very limited compared to Applied Cryptography and is tightly focused on the algorithms and approaches that one might reasonably propose today. Cryptography Engineering also attempts to provide general principles and simplifying assumptions to steer readers away from trouble. One example, and the guiding principle for much of the book, is that any new system needs at least a 128-bit security level, meaning that any attack will require 2¹²⁸ steps. This requirement may be overkill in some edge cases, as the authors point out, but when one is not a cryptography expert, accepting lower security by arguments that sound plausible but may not be sound is very risky. Cryptography Engineering starts with an overview of cryptography, the basic tools of cryptographic analysis, and the issues around designing secure systems and protocols. I like that the authors not only make it clear that security programming is hard but provide a wealth of practical examples of different attack methods and failure modes, a theme they continue throughout the book. From there, the book moves into a general discussion of major cryptographic areas: encryption, authentication, public-key cryptography, digital signatures, PKI, and issues of performance and complexity. Part two starts the in-depth discussion with chapters on block ciphers, block cipher modes, hash functions, and MACs, which together form part two (message security). The block cipher mode discussion is particularly good and includes algorithms newer than those in Applied Cryptography. This part closes with a walkthrough of constructing a secure channel, in pseudocode, and a chapter on implementation issues. The implementation chapters throughout the book are necessarily more general, but for me they were one of the most useful parts of the book, since they take a step back from the algorithms and look at the perils and pitfalls of using them to do real work. The third part of the book is on key negotiation and encompasses random numbers, prime numbers, Diffie-Hellman, RSA, a high-level look at cryptographic protocols, and a detailed look at key negotiation. This will probably be the hardest part of the book for a lot of readers, since the introduction to public-key is very heavy on math. The authors feel that's unavoidable to gain any understanding of the security risks and attack methods against public-key. I'm not quite convinced. But it's useful information, if heavy going that requires some devoted attention. I want to particularly call out the chapter on random numbers, though. This is an often-overlooked area in cryptography, particularly in introductions for the non-expert, and this is the best discussion of pseudo-random number generators I've ever seen. The authors walk through the design of Fortuna as an illustration of the issues and how they can be avoided. I came away with a far better understanding of practical PRNG design than I've ever had (and more sympathy for the annoying OpenSSL ~/.rnd file). The last substantial part of the book is on key management, starting with a discussion of time and its importance in cryptographic protocols. From there, there's a discussion of central trusted key servers and then a much more comprehensive discussion of PKI, including the problems with revocation, key lifetime, key formats, and keeping keys secure. The concluding chapter of this part is a very useful discussion of key storage, which is broad enough to encompass passwords, biometrics, and secure tokens. This is followed by a short part discussing standards, patents, and experts. A comparison between this book and Applied Cryptography reveals less attention to the details of cryptographic algorithms (apart from random number generators, where Cryptography Engineering provides considerably more useful information), wide-ranging surveys of algorithms, and underlying mathematics. Cryptography Engineering also makes several interesting narrowing choices, such as skipping stream ciphers almost entirely. Less surprisingly, this book covers only a tiny handful of cryptographic protocols; there's nothing here about zero-knowledge proofs, blind signatures, bit commitment, or even secret sharing, except a few passing mentions. That's realistic: those protocols are often extremely difficult to understand, and the typical security system doesn't use them. Replacing those topics is considerably more discussion of implementation techniques and pitfalls, including more assistance from the authors on how to choose good cryptographic building blocks and how to combine them into useful systems. This is a difficult topic, as they frequently acknowledge, and a lot of the advice is necessarily fuzzy, but they at least provide an orientation. To get much out of Applied Cryptography, you needed a basic understanding of what cryptography can do and how you want to use it. Cryptography Engineering tries to fill in that gap to the point where any experienced programmer should be able to see what problems cryptography can solve (and which it can't). That brings me back to the question of which book you should read, and a clear answer: start here, with Cryptography Engineering. It's more recent, which means that the algorithms it discusses are more directly applicable to day-to-day work. The block cipher mode and random number generator chapters are particularly useful, even if, for the latter, one will probably use a standard library. And it takes more firm stands, rather than just surveying. This comes with the risk of general principles that aren't correct in specific situations, but I think for most readers the additional guidance is vital. That said, I'm still glad I read Applied Cryptography, and I think I would still recommend reading it after this book. The detailed analysis of DES in Applied Cryptography is worth the book by itself, and more generally the survey of algorithms is useful in showing the range of approaches that can be used. And the survey of cryptographic protocols, if very difficult reading, provides tools for implementing (or at least understanding) some of the fancier and more cutting-edge things that one can do with cryptography. But this is the place to start, and I wholeheartedly recommend Cryptography Engineering to anyone working in computer security. Whether you're writing code, designing systems, or even evaluating products, this is a very useful book to read. It's a comprehensive introduction if you don't know anything about the field, but deep enough that I still got quite a bit of new information from it despite having written security software for years and having already read Applied Cryptography. Highly recommended. I will probably read it from cover to cover a second time when I have some free moments. Rating: 9 out of 10

I just read an interesting article by Brian Krebs about the difficulty in replacing credit cards [1]. The main reason that credit cards need to be replaced is that they have a single set of numbers that is used for all transactions. If credit cards were designed properly for modern use (IE since 2000 or so) they would act as a smart-card as the recommended way of payment in store. Currently I have a Mastercard and an Amex card, the Mastercard (issued about a year ago) has no smart-card feature and as Amex is rejected by most stores I ve never had a chance to use the smart-card part of a credit card. If all American credit cards had a smart card feature which was recommended by store staff then the problems that Brian documents would never have happened, the attacks on Target and other companies would have got very few card numbers and the companies that make cards wouldn t have a backlog of orders. If a bank was to buy USB smart-card readers for all their customers then they would be very cheap (the hardware is simple and therefore the unit price would be low if purchasing a few million). As banks are greedy they could make customers pay for the readers and even make a profit on them. Then for online banking at home the user could use a code that s generated for the transaction in question and thus avoid most forms of online banking fraud the only possible form of fraud would be to make a $10 payment to a legitimate company become a $1000 payment to a fraudster but that s a lot more work and a lot less money than other forms of credit card fraud. A significant portion of all credit card transactions performed over the phone are made from the customer s home. Of the ones that aren t made from home a significant portion would be done from a hotel, office, or other place where a smart-card reader might be conveniently used to generate a one-time code for the transaction. The main remaining problem seems to be the use of raised numbers. Many years ago it used to be common for credit card purchases to involve using some form of carbon paper and the raised numbers made an impression on the credit card transfer form. I don t recall ever using a credit card in that way, I ve only had credit cards for about 18 years and my memories of the raised numbers on credit cards being used to make an impression on paper only involve watching my parents pay when I was young. It seems likely that someone who likes paying by credit card and does so at small companies might have some recent experience of carbon paper payment, but anyone who prefers EFTPOS and cash probably wouldn t. If the credit card number (used for phone and Internet transactions in situations where a smart card reader isn t available) wasn t raised then it could be changed by posting a sticker with a new number that the customer could apply to their card. The customer wouldn t even need to wait for the post before their card could be used again as the smart card part would never be invalid. The magnetic stripe on the card could be changed at any bank and there s no reason why an ATM couldn t identify a card by it s smart-card and then write a new magnetic stripe automatically. These problems aren t difficult to solve. The amounts of effort and money involved in solving them are tiny compared to the costs of cleaning up the mess from a major breach such as the recent Target one, the main thing that needs to be done to implement my ideas is widespread support of smart-card readers and that seems to have been done already. It seems to me that the main problem is the incompetence of financial institutions. I think the fact that there s no serious competitor to Paypal is one of the many obvious proofs of the incompetence of financial companies. The effective operation of banks is essential to the economy and the savings of individuals are guaranteed by the government (so when a bank fails a lot of tax money will be used). It seems to me that we need to have national banks run by governments with the aim of financial security. Even if banks were good at their business (and they obviously aren t) I don t think that they can be trusted with it, an organisation that s too big to fail is too big to lack accountability to the citizens.

[1] http://tinyurl.com/msfby5q

Swim 2.4 miles! Bike 112 miles! Run 26.2 miles! Brag for the rest of your life...

In 2013, my training efforts were based around a "70.3"-distance race. In my second year in triathlon I will be targetting my first Ironman-distance event. After some deliberation I decided on the Ironman event in Klagenfurt, Austria (pictured) not only because the location lends a certain tone to the occasion but because the course is suited to my relative strengths within the three disciplines. I've made the following conscious changes to my race scheduling and selection this year:

Fewer races overall to allow for generous spacing between events, allowing more training, recovery and life.
No sprint-distance events as they do not provide enough enjoyment or appropriate training for the IM distance given their logistical outlay.
Prefering cycling over running time trials: performance in triathlon paradoxically including your run performance is primarily based around bike fitness.
Prefering smaller events over "mass-participation" ones.

Readers may observe that despite my primary race finishing with a marathon-distance run, I am not racing a standalone marathon in preparation. This is common practice, justified by the run-specific training leading up to a marathon and the recovery period afterwards compromising training overall. For similar reasons, I have also chosen not to race a "70.3" distance event in 2014. Whether to do so is a more contentious issue than whether to run a marathon, but it resolved itself once I could not find an event that was suitably scheduled and I could convince myself that most of the benefits could be achieved through other means.

April 13th

Cambridge Duathlon (link)

Run: 7.5km, bike: 40km, run: 7.5km

May 11th

St Neots Olympic Tri (link)

Swim: 1,500m, bike: 40km, run: 10km

May 17th

ECCA 50-mile cycling time trial (link)

50 miles. Course: E2/50C

June 1st

Icknield RC 100-mile cycling time trial (link)

100 miles. Course: F1/100

June 15th

Cambridge Triathlon (link)

Swim: 1,500m, bike: 40km, run: 10km

June 29th

Ironman Austria (link)

Swim 2.4km, bike: 190km, run: 42.2km

Swim 2.4 miles! Bike 112 miles! Run 26.2 miles! Brag for the rest of your life...

Whilst 2013 was based around a "70.3"-distance race, in my second year in triathlon I will be targetting training solely around my first Ironman-distance event. I chose the Ironman event in Klagenfurt, Austria not only because the location lends a certain tone to the occasion but because the course is suited to my relative strengths within the three disciplines. Compared to 2013 I've made the following conscious changes to my race scheduling and selection:

Fewer races in general to allow for more generous spacing between events, resulting in more training, recovery and life.
No sprint-distance triathlons as they do not provide enough enjoyment or suitable training for the IM distance given their logistical outlay.
Prefering cycling over running time trials: general performance in triathlon paradoxically including your run performance is primarily based around bike fitness.
Prefering smaller events over "mass-participation" ones.

Readers unfamiliar with triathlon training may observe that despite my primary race finishing with a marathon-distance run, I am not racing a standalone marathon in preparation. This is a common practice, justified by the run-specific training leading up to the event as well as the long recovery period afterwards compromising your training overall. For similar reasons, I have also chosen not to race the "70.3" distance event in 2014. Whether to do so is a more contentious issue than whether to run a marathon, but it resolved itself once I could not find an event that was scheduled suitably and I could convince myself that most of the benefits could be achieved through other means.

April 13th

Cambridge Duathlon (link)

Run: 7.5km, bike: 40km, run: 7.5km

May 11th

St Neots Olympic Tri (link)

Swim: 1,500m, bike: 40km, run: 10km

May 17th

ECCA 50-mile cycling time trial (link)

Course: E2/50C

June 1st

Icknield RC 100-mile cycling time trial (link)

Course: F1/100

June 15th

Cambridge Triathlon (link)

Swim: 1,500m, bike: 40km, run: 10km

June 29th

Ironman Austria (link)

Swim 2.4km, bike: 190km, run: 42.2km

Update: Closely followed by 0.5.4 to fix an embarassing brown paper bag bug:

Correct argument handling for system-status command

Get it from gitorious or http://www.hellion.org.uk/qcontrol/releases/0.5.4/. I've just released qcontrol 0.5.3. Changes since the last release:

Reduce spaminess of temperature control (Debian bug #727150).
Support for enabling/disabling RTC on ts219 and ts41x. Patch from Michael Stapelberg (Debian bug #732768).
Support for Synology Diskstation and Rackstation NASes. Patch from Ben Peddell.
Return correct result from direct command invocation (Debian bug #617439).
Fix ts41x LCD detection.
Improved command line argument parsing.
Lots of internal refactoring and cleanups.

Get it from gitorious or http://www.hellion.org.uk/qcontrol/releases/0.5.3/. The Debian package will be uploaded shortly.

In just released Propellor 0.3.0, I've improved improved Propellor's config file DSL significantly. Now properties can set attributes of a host, that can be looked up by its other properties, using a Reader monad. This saves needing to repeat yourself:

hosts = [ host "orca.kitenet.net"
        & stdSourcesList Unstable
        & Hostname.sane -- uses hostname from above

And it simplifies docker setup, with no longer a need to differentiate between properties that configure docker vs properties of the container:

 -- A generic webserver in a Docker container.
    , Docker.container "webserver" "joeyh/debian-unstable"
        & Docker.publish "80:80"
        & Docker.volume "/var/www:/var/www"
        & Apt.serviceInstalledRunning "apache2"

But the really useful thing is, it allows automating DNS zone file creation, using attributes of hosts that are set and used alongside their other properties:

hosts =
    [ host "clam.kitenet.net"
        & ipv4 "10.1.1.1"
        & cname "openid.kitenet.net"
        & Docker.docked hosts "openid-provider"
        & cname "ancient.kitenet.net"
        & Docker.docked hosts "ancient-kitenet"
    , host "diatom.kitenet.net"
        & Dns.primary "kitenet.net" hosts
    ]

Notice that hosts is passed into Dns.primary, inside the definition of hosts! Tying the knot like this is a fun haskell laziness trick. :) Now I just need to write a little function to look over the hosts and generate a zone file from their hostname, cname, and address attributes:

extractZoneFile :: Domain -> [Host] -> ZoneFile
extractZoneFile = gen . map hostAttr
  where gen = -- TODO

The eventual plan is that the cname property won't be defined as a property of the host, but of the container running inside it. Then I'll be able to cut-n-paste move docker containers between hosts, or duplicate the same container onto several hosts to deal with load, and propellor will provision them, and update the zone file appropriately.

Also, Chris Webber had suggested that Propellor be able to separate values from properties, so that eg, a web wizard could configure the values easily. I think this gets it much of the way there. All that's left to do is two easy functions:

overrideAttrsFromJSON :: Host -> JSON -> Host
exportJSONAttrs :: Host -> JSON

With these, propellor's configuration could be adjusted at run time using JSON from a file or other source. For example, here's a containerized webserver that publishes a directory from the external host, as configured by JSON that it exports:

demo :: Host
demo = Docker.container "webserver" "joeyh/debian-unstable"
    & Docker.publish "80:80"
    & dir_to_publish "/home/mywebsite" -- dummy default
    & Docker.volume (getAttr dir_to_publish ++":/var/www")
    & Apt.serviceInstalledRunning "apache2"
main = do
    json <- readJSON "my.json"
    let demo' = overrideAttrsFromJSON demo
    writeJSON "my.json" (exportJSONAttrs demo')
    defaultMain [demo']

Today I took down my KVM-host machine, rebooting it and restarting all of my guests. It has been a while since I'd done so and I was a little nerveous, as it turned out this nerveousness was prophetic. I'd forgotten to hardwire the use of proxy_arp so my guests were all broken when the systems came back online. If you're curious this is what my incoming graph of email SPAM looks like:

I think it is obvious where the downtime occurred, right? In other news I'm awaiting news from the system administration job I applied for here in Edinburgh, if that doesn't work out I'll need to hunt for another position.. Finally I've started hacking on my console based mail-client some more. It is a modal client which means you're always in one of three states/modes:

maildir - Viewing a list of maildir folders.
index - Viewing a list of messages.
message - Viewing a single message.

As a result of a lot of hacking there is now a fourth mode/state "text-mode". Which allows you to view arbitrary text, for example scrolling up and down a file on-disk, to read the manual, or viewing messages in interesting ways. Support is still basic at the moment, but both of these work:

  --
  -- Show a single file
  --
  show_file_contents( "/etc/passwd" )
  global_mode( "text" )

Or:

function x()
   txt =   "$ colour:red Steve",
           "$ colour:blue Kemp",
           "$ bold Has",
           "$ underline Definitely",
           "Made this work"  
   show_text( txt )
   global_mode( "text")
end
x()

There will be a new release within the week, I guess, I just need to wire up a few more primitives, write more of a manual, and close some more bugs. Happy Thursday, or as we say in this house, Hyv torstai!

My server, Kite, is finishing its 20th year online. It started as kite.resnet.cornell.edu, a 486 under the desk in my dorm room. Early on, it bounced around the DNS -- kite.ithaca.ny.us, kite.ml.org, kite.preferred.com -- before landing on kite.kitenet.net. The hardware has changed too, from a succession of desktop machines, it eventually turned into a 2u rack-mount server in the CCCP co-op. And then it went virtual, and international, spending a brief time in Amsterdam, before relocating to England and the kvm-hosting co-op. Through all this change, and no few reinstalls from scratch, it's had a single distinct personality. This is a multi-user unix system, of the old school, carefully (and not-so-carefully) configured and administered to perform a grab-bag of functions. Whatever the users need. I read the olduse.net hacknews newsgroup, and I see, in their descriptions of their server in 1984, the prototype of Kite and all its ilk. It's consistently had a small group of users, a small subset of my family and friends. Not quite big enough to really turn into a community, and we wall and talk less than we once did.

Exhibit: Kite as it appeared in the 90's [Intentionally partially broken, being able to read the cgi source code is half the fun.]

Kite was an early server on the WWW, and garnered mention in books and print articles. Not because it did anything important, but because there were few enough interesting web sites that it slightly stood out.

Many times over these 20 years I've wondered what will be the end of Kite's story. It seemed like I would either keep running it indefinitely, or perhaps lose interest. (Or funding -- it's eaten a lot of cash over the years, especially before the current days of $5/month VPS hosting.) But I failed to anticipate what seems to really be happening to it. Just as I didn't fathom, when kite was perched under my desk, that it would one day be some virtual abstract machine in a unknown computer in anther country. Now it seems that what will happen to Kite is that most of the important parts of it will split off into a constellation of specialized servers. The website, including the user sites, has mostly moved to branchable.com. The DNS server, git server and other crucial stuff is moving to various VPS instances and containers. (The exhibit above is just one more automatically deployed, soulless container..) A large part of Kite has always been about me playing with bleeding-edge stuff and installing random new toys; that has moved to a throwaway personal server at cloudatcost.com which might be gone tomorrow (or might keep running for free for years). What it seems will be left is a shell box, with IMAP access to a mail server, and a web server for legacy /~user/ sites, and a few tools that my users need (including that pine program some of them are still stuck on.) Will it be worth calling that Kite?

[ Kite users: This transition needs to be done by December when the current host is scheduled to be retired. ]

Yesterday I mentioned that wordpress had an important security update to 3.8.2 The particular security bugs also impact the stable Debian version of wordpress, so those patches have been backported. I ve uploaded the changes to the security team so hopefully there will new package soon. The version you are looking for will be 3.6.1+dfsg-1~deb7u2 and will be on the Debian security mirrors.

You probably know about heartbleed bug in OpenSSL as it is so widespread that it got to mainstream medias as well. As I'm running Debian Wheezy on my servers, they were affected as well. The updated OpenSSL library was installed immediately after it has been released, but there was still option that somebody got private data from the server before (especially as the vulnerability exists for quite some time). So I've revoked and reissued all SSL certificates while regenerating new private keys. This has nice benefit that they now use SHA 256 intermediate CA compared to SHA 1 which was used on some of them before. Though there is no way to figure out whether there was some information leak or not, I have decided to reset all access tokens for OAuth (eg. GitHub), so if you have used GitHub login for Weblate, you will have to reauthenticate.

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First of all, good news, MirBSD is not vulnerable to The Heartbleed Bug due to my deliberate choice to stick to an older OpenSSL version. My inquiry (in various places) as to what precisely could leak when a vulnerable client connected to a n n-vulnerable server has yet to be answered, though we can assume private key material is safe. Now the bad news: while the CA I use and a CA I don t use offer free rekeying (in general), a CA I also use occasionally refuses to do that. The ugly: they will not even revoke the certificates, so any attacker who gained your key, for example when you have been using a certificate of theirs on a Debian system, will be able to use it (e.g. to MITM your visitors traffic) unless you shell over lots of unreasonable money per certificate. (Someone wrote they got the fee waived, but others don t, nor do I. (There s also a great Twitter discussion-thingy about this involving Zugschlus, but I won t link Twitter because they are not accessible to Lynx users like me and other Planet Debian authors.)

I ve been using GoDaddy privately for a while, paid for a wildcard certificate for *.mirbsd.org, and later also at work. I ve stopped using it privately due to current lack of money. Occasionally, for n n-wildcard gratis SSL certificates for HTTP servers. Startcom s StartSSL certificates are unusable for real SSL as used in SMTP STARTTLS anyway, so usage isn t much.

Now I ve got a dilemma here. I ve created a CA myself, to use with MirBSD infrastructure and things like that X.509 certificates for my hosts (especially so I can use them for SMTP) and possibly personal friends (whose PGP key I ve signed with maximum trust after the usual verification) but am using a StartSSL certificate for www.mirbsd.org as my GoDaddy wildcard certificate expires in a week or so (due to the aforementioned monetary issues), and I d rather not pay for a limited certificate only supporting a single vhost. There is absolutely no issue with that certificate and key (only ever generated and used on MirBSD, only using it in Apache mod_ssl). Then, there s this soon-to-be tax-exempt non-profit society of public utility I m working with, whose server runs Debian, and which is affected, but has been using a StartSSL certificate for a while. Neither the society nor I can afford to pay for revocation, and we do not see any possible justification for this especially in the face of CVE-2014-0160. I expect a rekey keeping the current validity end date, and would accept a revocation even if I were unable to get a new certificate, since even were we to get a certificate for the society s domain from someplace else, an attacker could still MITM us with the previous one from Startcom. The problem here is: I d really love to see (all of!) Startcom dropped from the global list of trustworthy CAs, but then I d not know from where to get a cert for MirBSD; Globalsign is not an option because I will not limit SSL compatibility to a level needed to pass their quality test possibly GoDaddy, ISTR they offer a free year to Open Source projects no idea about one for the society but it would solve the problem of not getting the certificates revoked. For everyone. I am giving Startcom time until Friday after $dayjob (for me); after that, I ll be kicking them off MirBSD s CA bundle and will be lobbying for Debian and Mozilla to do the same. Any other ideas of how to deal with that? I d probably pay 5 for a usable certificate accepted by people (including old systems, such as MSIE 5.0 on Win2k and the likes) without questioning most of the time, I only serve public content anyway and just use SSL to make the NSA s job more difficult (and even when not I m not dealing with any payment information, just the occasional login protected area). By the way, is there any way to access the information that is behind a current-day link to groups.google.com with Lynx or Pine? I can t help but praise GMane for their NNTP interface. ObFunfact: just when I was finished writing this wlog entry, I got a new eMail Special offer just for you. from GoDaddy. Sadly, no offer for a 5 SSL certificate, just the usual 20-35% off coupon code.

For a while now, I have been looking for a sensible offsite backup solution for use at home. My requirements are simple, it must be cheap and locally encrypted (in other words, I keep the encryption keys, the storage provider do not have access to my private files). One idea me and my friends had many years ago, before the cloud storage providers showed up, was to use Google mail as storage, writing a Linux block device storing blocks as emails in the mail service provided by Google, and thus get heaps of free space. On top of this one can add encryption, RAID and volume management to have lots of (fairly slow, I admit that) cheap and encrypted storage. But I never found time to implement such system. But the last few weeks I have looked at a system called S3QL, a locally mounted network backed file system with the features I need. S3QL is a fuse file system with a local cache and cloud storage, handling several different storage providers, any with Amazon S3, Google Drive or OpenStack API. There are heaps of such storage providers. S3QL can also use a local directory as storage, which combined with sshfs allow for file storage on any ssh server. S3QL include support for encryption, compression, de-duplication, snapshots and immutable file systems, allowing me to mount the remote storage as a local mount point, look at and use the files as if they were local, while the content is stored in the cloud as well. This allow me to have a backup that should survive fire. The file system can not be shared between several machines at the same time, as only one can mount it at the time, but any machine with the encryption key and access to the storage service can mount it if it is unmounted. It is simple to use. I'm using it on Debian Wheezy, where the package is included already. So to get started, run apt-get install s3ql. Next, pick a storage provider. I ended up picking Greenqloud, after reading their nice recipe on how to use S3QL with their Amazon S3 service, because I trust the laws in Iceland more than those in USA when it come to keeping my personal data safe and private, and thus would rather spend money on a company in Iceland. Another nice recipe is available from the article S3QL Filesystem for HPC Storage by Jeff Layton in the HPC section of Admin magazine. When the provider is picked, figure out how to get the API key needed to connect to the storage API. With Greencloud, the key did not show up until I had added payment details to my account. Armed with the API access details, it is time to create the file system. First, create a new bucket in the cloud. This bucket is the file system storage area. I picked a bucket name reflecting the machine that was going to store data there, but any name will do. I'll refer to it as bucket-name below. In addition, one need the API login and password, and a locally created password. Store it all in ~root/.s3ql/authinfo2 like this:

[s3c]
storage-url: s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name
backend-login: API-login
backend-password: API-password
fs-passphrase: local-password

I create my local passphrase using pwget 50 or similar, but any sensible way to create a fairly random password should do it. Armed with these details, it is now time to run mkfs, entering the API details and password to create it:

# mkdir -m 700 /var/lib/s3ql-cache
# mkfs.s3ql --cachedir /var/lib/s3ql-cache --authfile /root/.s3ql/authinfo2 \
  --ssl s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name
Enter backend login: 
Enter backend password: 
Before using S3QL, make sure to read the user's guide, especially
the 'Important Rules to Avoid Loosing Data' section.
Enter encryption password: 
Confirm encryption password: 
Generating random encryption key...
Creating metadata tables...
Dumping metadata...
..objects..
..blocks..
..inodes..
..inode_blocks..
..symlink_targets..
..names..
..contents..
..ext_attributes..
Compressing and uploading metadata...
Wrote 0.00 MB of compressed metadata.
#

The next step is mounting the file system to make the storage available.

# mount.s3ql --cachedir /var/lib/s3ql-cache --authfile /root/.s3ql/authinfo2 \
  --ssl --allow-root s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name /s3ql
Using 4 upload threads.
Downloading and decompressing metadata...
Reading metadata...
..objects..
..blocks..
..inodes..
..inode_blocks..
..symlink_targets..
..names..
..contents..
..ext_attributes..
Mounting filesystem...
# df -h /s3ql
Filesystem                              Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name  1.0T     0  1.0T   0% /s3ql
#

The file system is now ready for use. I use rsync to store my backups in it, and as the metadata used by rsync is downloaded at mount time, no network traffic (and storage cost) is triggered by running rsync. To unmount, one should not use the normal umount command, as this will not flush the cache to the cloud storage, but instead running the umount.s3ql command like this:

# umount.s3ql /s3ql
#

There is a fsck command available to check the file system and correct any problems detected. This can be used if the local server crashes while the file system is mounted, to reset the "already mounted" flag. This is what it look like when processing a working file system:

# fsck.s3ql --force --ssl s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name
Using cached metadata.
File system seems clean, checking anyway.
Checking DB integrity...
Creating temporary extra indices...
Checking lost+found...
Checking cached objects...
Checking names (refcounts)...
Checking contents (names)...
Checking contents (inodes)...
Checking contents (parent inodes)...
Checking objects (reference counts)...
Checking objects (backend)...
..processed 5000 objects so far..
..processed 10000 objects so far..
..processed 15000 objects so far..
Checking objects (sizes)...
Checking blocks (referenced objects)...
Checking blocks (refcounts)...
Checking inode-block mapping (blocks)...
Checking inode-block mapping (inodes)...
Checking inodes (refcounts)...
Checking inodes (sizes)...
Checking extended attributes (names)...
Checking extended attributes (inodes)...
Checking symlinks (inodes)...
Checking directory reachability...
Checking unix conventions...
Checking referential integrity...
Dropping temporary indices...
Backing up old metadata...
Dumping metadata...
..objects..
..blocks..
..inodes..
..inode_blocks..
..symlink_targets..
..names..
..contents..
..ext_attributes..
Compressing and uploading metadata...
Wrote 0.89 MB of compressed metadata.
#

Thanks to the cache, working on files that fit in the cache is very quick, about the same speed as local file access. Uploading large amount of data is to me limited by the bandwidth out of and into my house. Uploading 685 MiB with a 100 MiB cache gave me 305 kiB/s, which is very close to my upload speed, and downloading the same Debian installation ISO gave me 610 kiB/s, close to my download speed. Both were measured using dd. So for me, the bottleneck is my network, not the file system code. I do not know what a good cache size would be, but suspect that the cache should e larger than your working set. I mentioned that only one machine can mount the file system at the time. If another machine try, it is told that the file system is busy:

# mount.s3ql --cachedir /var/lib/s3ql-cache --authfile /root/.s3ql/authinfo2 \
  --ssl --allow-root s3c://s.greenqloud.com:443/bucket-name /s3ql
Using 8 upload threads.
Backend reports that fs is still mounted elsewhere, aborting.
#

The file content is uploaded when the cache is full, while the metadata is uploaded once every 24 hour by default. To ensure the file system content is flushed to the cloud, one can either umount the file system, or ask S3QL to flush the cache and metadata using s3qlctrl:

# s3qlctrl upload-meta /s3ql
# s3qlctrl flushcache /s3ql
#

If you are curious about how much space your data uses in the cloud, and how much compression and deduplication cut down on the storage usage, you can use s3qlstat on the mounted file system to get a report:

# s3qlstat /s3ql
Directory entries:    9141
Inodes:               9143
Data blocks:          8851
Total data size:      22049.38 MB
After de-duplication: 21955.46 MB (99.57% of total)
After compression:    21877.28 MB (99.22% of total, 99.64% of de-duplicated)
Database size:        2.39 MB (uncompressed)
(some values do not take into account not-yet-uploaded dirty blocks in cache)
#

I mentioned earlier that there are several possible suppliers of storage. I did not try to locate them all, but am aware of at least Greenqloud, Google Drive, Amazon S3 web serivces, Rackspace and Crowncloud. The latter even accept payment in Bitcoin. Pick one that suit your need. Some of them provide several GiB of free storage, but the prize models are quite different and you will have to figure out what suits you best. While researching this blog post, I had a look at research papers and posters discussing the S3QL file system. There are several, which told me that the file system is getting a critical check by the science community and increased my confidence in using it. One nice poster is titled "An Innovative Parallel Cloud Storage System using OpenStack s SwiftObject Store and Transformative Parallel I/O Approach" by Hsing-Bung Chen, Benjamin McClelland, David Sherrill, Alfred Torrez, Parks Fields and Pamela Smith. Please have a look. Given my problems with different file systems earlier, I decided to check out the mounted S3QL file system to see if it would be usable as a home directory (in other word, that it provided POSIX semantics when it come to locking and umask handling etc). Running my test code to check file system semantics, I was happy to discover that no error was found. So the file system can be used for home directories, if one chooses to do so. If you do not want a locally file system, and want something that work without the Linux fuse file system, I would like to mention the Tarsnap service, which also provide locally encrypted backup using a command line client. It have a nicer access control system, where one can split out read and write access, allowing some systems to write to the backup and others to only read from it. As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address 15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b.

If you are using OpenSSL (or ever did use it with any of your current keypairs in the last 3-4 years), you are probably in a rush to upgrade all your systems and replace all your private keys right now. If your certificate authority is CACert.org then there is an extra surprise in store for you. CACert.org has changed their hash to SHA-512 recently and some client/server connections silently fail to authenticate with this hash. Any replacement certificates you obtain from CACert.org today are likely to be signed using the new hash. Amongst other things, if you use CACert.org as the CA for a distributed LDAP authentication system, you will find users unable to log in until you upgrade all SSL client code or change all clients to trust an alternative root.

A new release of the BH package is now on CRAN and its mirrors. BH provides (a sizeable subset of) the Boost library for C++, particularly (large) parts delivered as pure template headers not requiring linking. See the BH page for more details. This release provides our first update relative to the Boost tarballs we started with. It moves us from 1.51.0 (which was getting a little long in the tooth) to 1.54.0. This is just about the first time ever that I didn't package something straight from the current release (now 1.55.0). My aim was to to balance the oh, shiny, new aspect with some stability. Comments welcome--maybe I will go to the bleeding edge next time. As before, the CRAN is created by running bcp over a number of selected components of Boost. If you'd like to see additional ones include, please do get in touch too. Before uploading, I also tested against all of these sixteen CRAN dependents I could quickly test on my server given the installed dependencies there. The complete list changes follows below.

Changes in version 1.54.0-1 (2014-04-07)

Upgraded to Boost 1.54.0

Adjust build script local/script/CreateBoost.sh accordingly

Renamed generation_runge_kutta_cash_karp54_classic.hpp to generation_runge_kutta_cash_karp54_cl.hpp to remain within 100-character limit for tar

Courtesy of CRANberries, there is also a diffstat report for the most recent release. Comments and suggestions are welcome via the mailing list or issue tracker at the GitHub repo.

This post by Dirk Eddelbuettel originated on his Thinking inside the box blog. Please report excessive re-aggregation in third-party for-profit settings.

Search Results: "will"

14 April 2014

Bits from Debian: DPL election is over, Lucas Nussbaum re-elected

Matthew Garrett: Real-world Secure Boot attacks

13 April 2014

Jeff Licquia: My Heart Bleeds (or, What s Going On With Heartbleed)

C.J. Adams-Collier: When was the last time you upgraded from squeeze to wheezy?

12 April 2014

Lars Wirzenius: Programming performance art

Russ Allbery: Accumulated haul

Russ Allbery: Review: Cryptography Engineering

Russell Coker: Replacement Credit Cards and Bank Failings

11 April 2014

Chris Lamb: 2014 race schedule

Chris Lamb: My 2014 race schedule

Ian Campbell: qcontrol 0.5.3

Joey Hess: propellor introspection for DNS

10 April 2014

Steve Kemp: A small assortment of content

Joey Hess: Kite: a server's tale

Craig Small: WordPress update needed for stable too

Michal Čihař: Heartbleed fun

9 April 2014

Thorsten Glaser: Heartbleed vs. Startcom / StartSSL

Petter Reinholdtsen: S3QL, a locally mounted cloud file system - nice free software

Daniel Pocock: Double whammy for CACert.org users

Dirk Eddelbuettel: BH release 1.54.0-1