Review:
The Horse and His Boy, by C.S. Lewis
| Illustrator: |
Pauline Baynes |
| Series: |
Chronicles of Narnia #5 |
| Publisher: |
Collier Books |
| Copyright: |
1954 |
| Printing: |
1978 |
| ISBN: |
0-02-044200-9 |
| Format: |
Mass market |
| Pages: |
217 |
The Horse and His Boy was the fifth published book in the
Chronicles of Narnia, but it takes place during the last chapter of
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, in
the midst of the golden age of Narnia. It's the only true side story of
the series and it doesn't matter much where in sequence you read it, as
long as it's after
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and before
The Last Battle (which would spoil its ending somewhat).
MAJOR SPOILERS BELOW.
The Horse and His Boy is also the only book of the series that is
not a portal fantasy. The Pevensie kids make an appearance, but as the
ruling kings and queens of Narnia, and only as side characters. The
protagonists are a boy named Shasta, a girl named Aravis, and horses named
Bree and Hwin. Aravis is a Calormene, a native of the desert (and
extremely Orientalist, but more on that later) kingdom to the south of
Narnia and Archenland. Shasta starts the book as the theoretically
adopted son but mostly slave of a Calormene fisherman.
The Horse
and His Boy is the story of their journey from Calormen north to
Archenland and Narnia, just in time to defend Narnia and Archenland from
an invasion.
This story starts with a great hook. Shasta's owner is hosting a passing
Tarkaan, a Calormene lord, and overhears a negotiation to sell Shasta to
the Tarkaan as his slave (and, in the process, revealing that he rescued
Shasta as an infant from a rowboat next to a dead man). Shasta starts
talking to the Tarkaan's horse and is caught by surprise when the horse
talks back. He is a Talking Horse from Narnia, kidnapped as a colt, and
eager to return to Narnia and the North. He convinces Shasta to attempt
to escape with him.
This has so much promise. For once, we're offered a story where one of
the talking animals of Narnia is at least a co-protagonist and has some
agency in the story. Bree takes charge of Shasta, teaches him to ride
(or, mostly, how to fall off a horse), and makes most of the early plans.
Finally, a story that recognizes that Narnia stories don't have to revolve
around the humans!
Unfortunately, Bree is an obnoxious, arrogant character. I wanted to like
him, but he makes it very hard. This gets even worse when Shasta is
thrown together with Aravis, a noble Calormene girl who is escaping an
arranged marriage on her own talking mare, Hwin. Bree is a warhorse, Hwin
is a lady's riding mare, and Lewis apparently knows absolutely nothing
about horses, because every part of Bree's sexist posturing and Hwin's
passive meekness is awful and cringe-worthy. I am not a horse person, so
will link to
Judith Tarr's much more knowledgeable critique at Tor.com, but suffice
it to say that mares are
not meekly deferential or awed by
stallions. If Bree had behaved that way with a real mare, he would have
gotten the crap beaten out of him (which might have improved his attitude
considerably). As is, we have to put up with rather a lot of Bree's
posturing and Hwin (who I liked much better) barely gets a line and acts
disturbingly like she was horribly abused.
This makes me sad, because I like Bree's character arc. He's spent his
whole life being special and different from those around him, and while he
wants to escape this country and return home, he's also gotten used to
being special. In Narnia, he will just be a normal talking horse. To get
everything else he wants, he also has to let go of the idea that he's
someone special. If Lewis had done more with this and made Bree a more
sympathetic character, this could have been very effective. As written,
it only gets a few passing mentions (mostly via Bree being weirdly
obsessed with whether talking horses roll) and is therefore overshadowed
by Shasta's chosen one story and Bree's own arrogant behavior.
The horses aside, this is a passable adventure story with some well-done
moments. The two kids and their horses end up in Tashbaan, the huge
Calormene capital, where they stumble across the Narnians and Shasta is
mistaken for one of their party. Radagast, the prince of Calormen, is
proposing marriage to Susan, and the Narnians are in the process of
realizing he doesn't plan to take no for an answer. Aravis, meanwhile,
has to sneak out of the city via the Tisroc's gardens, which results in
her hiding behind a couch as she hears Radagast's plans to invade
Archenland and Narnia to take Susan as his bride by force. Once reunited,
Shasta, Aravis, and the horses flee across the desert to bring warning to
Archenland and then Narnia.
Of all the Narnia books,
The Horse and His Boy leans the hardest
into the personal savior angle of Christianity. Parts of it, such as
Shasta's ride over the pass into Narnia, have a strong
"Footprints" feel
to them. Most of the events of the book are arranged by Aslan, starting
with Shasta's early life. Readers of the series will know this when a
lion shows up early to herd the horses where they need to go, or when a
cat keeps Shasta company in the desert and frightens away jackals. Shasta
only understands near the end.
I remember this being compelling stuff as a young Christian reader. This
personal attention and life shaping from God is pure Christian wish
fulfillment of the "God has a plan for your life" variety, even more so
than Shasta turning out to be a lost prince. As an adult re-reader, I can
see that Lewis is palming the
theodicy card rather
egregiously. It's great that Aslan was making everything turn out well in
the end, but why did he have to scare the kids and horses half to death in
the process? They were already eager to do what he wanted, but it's
somehow inconceivable that Aslan would simply tell them what to do rather
than manipulate them. There's no obvious in-story justification why he
couldn't have made the experience much less terrifying. Or, for that
matter, prevented Shasta from being kidnapped as an infant in the first
place and solved the problem of Radagast in a more direct way. This sort
of theology takes as an unexamined assumption that a deity must refuse to
use his words and instead do everything in weirdly roundabout and
mysterious ways, which makes even less sense in Narnia than in our world
given how directly and straightforwardly Aslan has acted in previous
books.
It was also obvious to me on re-read how unfair Lewis's strict gender
roles are to Aravis. She's an excellent rider from the start of the book
and has practiced many of the things Shasta struggles to do, but Shasta is
the boy and Aravis is the girl, so Aravis has to have girl adventures
involving tittering princesses, luxurious baths, and eavesdropping behind
couches, whereas Shasta has boy adventures like riding to warn the king or
bringing word to Narnia. There's nothing very objectionable about Shasta
as a character (unlike Bree), but he has such a generic character arc.
The Horse and Her Girl with Aravis and Hwin as protagonists would
have been a more interesting story, and would have helpfully complicated
the whole Narnia and the North story motive.
As for that storyline, wow the racism is strong in this one, starting with
the degree that
The Horse and His Boy is deeply concerned with
people's skin color. Shasta is white, you see, clearly marking him as
from the North because all the Calormenes are dark-skinned. (This makes
even less sense in this fantasy world than in our world because it's
strongly implied in
The Magician's Nephew that all the humans in
Calormen came from Narnia originally.) The Calormenes all talk like
characters from bad translations of the Arabian Nights and are shown as
cruel, corrupt slavers with a culture that's a Orientalist mishmash of
Arab, Persian, and Chinese stereotypes. Everyone is required to say "may
he live forever" after referencing the Tisroc, which is an obvious and
crude parody of Islam. This stereotype fest culminates in the incredibly
bizarre scene that Aravis overhears, in which the grand vizier literally
grovels on the floor while Radagast kicks him and the Tisroc, Radagast's
father, talks about how Narnia's freedom offends him and the barbarian
kingdom would be more profitable and orderly when conquered.
The one point to Lewis's credit is that Aravis is also Calormene, tells
stories in the same style, and is still a protagonist and just as
acceptable to Aslan as Shasta is. It's not enough to overcome the
numerous problems with Lewis's lazy world-building, but it makes me wish
even more that Aravis had gotten her own book and more meaningful scenes
with Aslan.
I had forgotten that Susan appears in this book, although that appearance
doesn't add much to the general problem of Susan in Narnia except perhaps
to hint at Lewis's later awful choices. She is shown considering marriage
to the clearly villainous Radagast, and then only mentioned later with a
weird note that she doesn't ride to war despite being the best archer of
the four. I will say again that it's truly weird to see the Pevensie kids
as (young) adults discussing marriage proposals, international politics,
and border wars while remembering they all get dumped back into their
previous lives as British schoolkids. This had to have had dramatic
effects on their lives that Lewis never showed. (I know, the real answer
is that Lewis is writing these books according to childhood imaginary
adventure logic, where adventures don't have long-term consequences of
that type.)
I will also grumble once more at how weirdly ineffectual Narnians are
until some human comes to tell them what to do. Calormen is obviously a
threat; Susan just escaped from an attempted forced marriage. Archenland
is both their southern line of defense and is an ally separated by a
mountain pass in a country full of talking eagles, among other obvious
messengers. And yet, it falls to Shasta to ride to give warning because
he's the human protagonist of the story. Everyone else seems to be too
busy with quirky domesticity or endless faux-medieval chivalric parties.
The Horse and His Boy was one of my favorites when I was a kid, but
reading as an adult I found it much harder to tolerate Bree or read past
the blatant racial and cultural stereotyping. The bits with Aslan also
felt less magical to me than they did as a kid because I was asking more
questions about why Aslan had to do everything in such an opaque and
perilous way. It's still not a bad adventure; Aravis is a great
character, the bits in Tashbaan are at least memorable, and I still love
the Hermit of the Southern March and want to know more about him. But I
would rank it below the top tier of Narnia books, alongside
Prince Caspian as a book with some great
moments and some serious flaws.
Followed in original publication order by
The Magician's Nephew.
Rating: 7 out of 10
As the President of the GNOME Foundation Board of Directors, I m really pleased to see the number and breadth of candidates we have for this year s election. Thank you to everyone who has submitted their candidacy and volunteered their time to support the Foundation. Allan has recently blogged about how the board has been evolving, and I wanted to follow that post by talking about where the GNOME Foundation is in terms of its strategy. This may be helpful as people consider which candidates might bring the best skills to shape the Foundation s next steps.
Around three years ago, the Foundation received a number of generous donations, and Rosanna (Director of Operations) gave a presentation at GUADEC about her and Neil s (Executive Director, essentially the CEO of the Foundation) plans to use these funds to transform the Foundation. We would grow our activities, increasing the pace of events, outreach, development and infrastructure that supported the GNOME project and the wider desktop ecosystem and, crucially, would grow our funding to match this increased level of activity.
I think it s fair to say that half of this has been a great success we ve got a larger staff team than GNOME has ever had before. We ve widened the GNOME software ecosystem to include related apps and projects under the GNOME Circle banner, we ve helped get GTK 4 out of the door, run a wider-reaching program in the Community Engagement Challenge, and consistently supported better infrastructure for both GNOME and the Linux app community in Flathub.
Aside from another grant from Endless (note: my employer), our fundraising hasn t caught up with this pace of activities. As a result, the Board recently approved a budget for this financial year which will spend more funds from our reserves than we expect to raise in income. Due to our reserves policy, this is essentially the last time we can do this: over the next 6-12 months we need to either raise more money, or start spending less.
For clarity the Foundation is fit and well from a financial perspective we have a very healthy bank balance, and a very conservative 12 month run rate reserve policy to handle fluctuations in income. If we do have to slow down some of our activities, we will return to a steady state where our regular individual donations and corporate contributions can support a smaller staff team that supports the events and infrastructure we ve come to rely on.
However, this isn t what the Board wants to do the previous and current boards were unanimous in their support of the idea that we should be ambitious: try to do more in the world and bring the benefits of GNOME to more people. We want to take our message of trusted, affordable and accessible computing to the wider world.
Typically, a lot of the activities of the Foundation have been very inwards-facing supporting and engaging with either the existing GNOME or Open Source communities. This is a very restricted audience in terms of fundraising many corporate actors in our community already support GNOME hugely in terms of both financial and in-kind contributions, and many OSS users are already supporters either through volunteer contributions or donating to those nonprofits that they feel are most relevant and important to them.
To raise funds from new sources, the Foundation needs to take the message and ideals of GNOME and Open Source software to new, wider audiences that we can help. We ve been developing themes such as affordability, privacy/trust and education as promising areas for new programs that broaden our impact. The goal is to find projects and funding that allow us to both invest in the GNOME community and find new ways for FOSS to benefit people who aren t already in our community.
Bringing it back to the election, I d like to make clear that I see this reaching the outside world, and finding funding to support that as the main priority and responsibility of the Board for the next term. GNOME Foundation elections are a slightly unusual process that filters our board nominees by being existing Foundation members, which means that candidates already work inside our community when they stand for election. If you re a candidate and are already active in the community THANK YOU you re doing great work, keep doing it! That said, you don t need to be a Director to achieve things within our community or gain the support of the Foundation: being a community leader is already a fantastic and important role.
The Foundation really needs support from the Board to make a success of the next 12-18 months. We need to understand our financial situation and the trade-offs we have to make, and help to define the strategy with the Executive Director so that we can launch some new programs that will broaden our impact and funding for the future. As people cast their votes, I d like people to think about what kind of skills building partnerships, commercial background, familiarity with finances, experience in nonprofit / impact spaces, etc will help the Board make the Foundation as successful as it can be during the next term.
Here's my monthly update covering what I have been doing in the free software world for May 2021 (
A new release of the 
Ten years ago 
Zeeshan of IYC (India Youth Congress) along with Salman Khan s non-profit Being Human getting oxygenators 
We are pleased to announce that offsite backup and cloud storage company