Review:
The Last Battle, by C.S. Lewis
| Illustrator: |
Pauline Baynes |
| Series: |
Chronicles of Narnia #7 |
| Publisher: |
Collier Books |
| Copyright: |
1956 |
| Printing: |
1978 |
| ISBN: |
0-02-044210-6 |
| Format: |
Mass market |
| Pages: |
184 |
The Last Battle is the seventh and final book of the
Chronicles of Narnia in every reading order. It ties together (and
spoils) every previous Narnia book, so you do indeed want to read it last
(or skip it entirely, but I'll get into that).
In the far west of Narnia, beyond the Lantern Waste and near the great
waterfall that marks Narnia's western boundary, live a talking ape named
Shift and a talking donkey named Puzzle. Shift is a narcissistic asshole
who has been gaslighting and manipulating Puzzle for years, convincing the
poor donkey that he's stupid and useless for anything other than being
Shift's servant. At the start of the book, a lion skin washes over the
waterfall and into the Cauldron Pool. Shift, seeing a great opportunity,
convinces Puzzle to retrieve it.
The king of Narnia at this time is Tirian. I would tell you more about
Tirian except, despite being the protagonist, that's about all the
characterization he gets. He's the king, he's broad-shouldered and
strong, he behaves in a correct kingly fashion by preferring hunting
lodges and simple camps to the capital at Cair Paravel, and his close
companion is a unicorn named Jewel. Other than that, he's another
character like Rilian from
The Silver
Chair who feels like he was taken from a medieval Arthurian story.
(Thankfully, unlike Rilian, he doesn't talk like he's in a medieval
Arthurian story.)
Tirian finds out about Shift's scheme when a dryad appears at Tirian's
camp, calling for justice for the trees of Lantern Waste who are being
felled. Tirian rushes to investigate and stop this monstrous act, only to
find the beasts of Narnia cutting down trees and hauling them away for
Calormene overseers. When challenged on why they would do such a thing,
they reply that it's at Aslan's orders.
The Last Battle is largely the reason why I decided to do this
re-read and review series. It is, let me be clear, a bad book. The plot
is absurd, insulting to the characters, and in places actively offensive.
It is also, unlike the rest of the Narnia series, dark and depressing for
nearly all of the book. The theology suffers from problems faced by
modern literature that tries to use the Book of Revelation and related
Christian mythology as a basis. And it is, most famously, the site of one
of the most notorious authorial betrayals of a character in fiction.
And yet,
The Last Battle, probably more than any other single book,
taught me to be a better human being. It contains two very specific
pieces of theology that I would now critique in multiple ways but which
were exactly the pieces of theology that I needed to hear when I first
understood them. This book steered me away from a closed, judgmental, and
condemnatory mindset at exactly the age when I needed something to do
that. For that, I will always have a warm spot in my heart for it.
I'm going to start with the bad parts, though, because that's how the book
starts.
MAJOR SPOILERS BELOW.
First, and most seriously, this is a
second-order
idiot plot. Shift shows up with a donkey wearing a lion skin (badly),
only lets anyone see him via firelight, claims he's Aslan, and starts
ordering the talking animals of Narnia to completely betray their laws and
moral principles and reverse every long-standing political position of the
country... and everyone just nods and goes along with this. This is the
most blatant example of a long-standing problem in this series: Lewis does
not respect his animal characters. They are the best feature of his
world, and he treats them as barely more intelligent than their
non-speaking equivalents and in need of humans to tell them what to do.
Furthermore, despite the assertion of the narrator, Shift is not even
close to clever. His deception has all the subtlety of a five-year-old
who doesn't want to go to bed, and he offers the Narnians absolutely
nothing in exchange for betraying their principles. I can forgive Puzzle
for going along with the scheme since Puzzle has been so emotionally
abused that he doesn't know what else to do, but no one else has any
excuse, especially Shift's neighbors. Given his behavior in the book,
everyone within a ten mile radius would be so sick of his whining,
bullying, and lying within a month that they'd never believe anything he
said again. Rishda and Ginger, a Calormene captain and a sociopathic cat
who later take over Shift's scheme, do qualify as clever, but there's no
realistic way Shift's plot would have gotten far enough for them to get
involved.
The things that Shift gets the Narnians to do are awful. This is by far
the most depressing book in the series, even more than the worst parts of
The Silver Chair. I'm sure I'm not the only one who struggled to
read through the first part of this book, and raced through it on re-reads
because everything is so hard to watch. The destruction is wanton and
purposeless, and the frequent warnings from both characters and narration
that these are the last days of Narnia add to the despair. Lewis takes
all the beautiful things that he built over six books and smashes them
before your eyes. It's a lot to take, given that previous books would
have treated the felling of a single tree as an unspeakable catastrophe.
I think some of these problems are due to the difficulty of using
Christian eschatology in a modern novel. An antichrist is obligatory, but
the animals of Narnia have no reason to follow an antichrist given their
direct experience with Aslan, particularly not the aloof one that Shift
tries to give them. Lewis forces the plot by making everyone act stupidly
and out of character. Similarly, Christian eschatology says everything
must become as awful as possible right before the return of Christ, hence
the difficult-to-read sections of Narnia's destruction, but there's no
in-book reason for the Narnians' complicity in that destruction. One can
argue about whether this is good theology, but it's certainly bad
storytelling.
I can see the outlines of the moral points Lewis is trying to make about
greed and rapacity, abuse of the natural world, dubious alliances,
cynicism, and ill-chosen prophets, but because there is no explicable
reason for Tirian's quiet kingdom to suddenly turn to murderous resource
exploitation, none of those moral points land with any force. The best
moral apocalypse shows the reader how, were they living through it, they
would be complicit in the devastation as well. Lewis does none of that
work, so the reader is just left angry and confused.
The book also has several smaller poor authorial choices, such as the
blackface incident. Tirian, Jill, and Eustace need to infiltrate Shift's
camp, and use blackface to disguise themselves as Calormenes. That alone
uncomfortably reveals how much skin tone determines nationality in this
world, but Lewis makes it far worse by having Tirian comment that he
"feel[s] a true man again" after removing the blackface and switching to
Narnian clothes.
All of this drags on and on, unlike Lewis's normally tighter pacing, to
the point that I remembered this book being twice the length of any other
Narnia book. It's not; it's about the same length as the rest, but it's
such a grind that it feels interminable. The sum total of the bright
points of the first two-thirds of the book are the arrival of Jill and
Eustace, Jill's one moment of true heroism, and the loyalty of a single
Dwarf. The rest is all horror and betrayal and doomed battles and abject
stupidity.
I do, though, have to describe Jill's moment of glory, since I complained
about her and Eustace throughout
The Silver Chair. Eustace is
still useless, but Jill learned forestcraft during her previous adventures
(not that we saw much sign of this previously) and slips through the
forest like a ghost to steal Puzzle and his lion costume out from the
under the nose of the villains. Even better, she finds Puzzle and the
lion costume hilarious, which is the one moment in the book where one of
the characters seems to understand how absurd and ridiculous this all is.
I loved Jill so much in that moment that it makes up for all of the
pointless bickering of
The Silver Chair. She doesn't get to do
much else in this book, but I wish the Jill who shows up in
The Last
Battle had gotten her own book.
The end of this book, and the only reason why it's worth reading, happens
once the heroes are forced into the stable that Shift and his
co-conspirators have been using as the stage for their fake Aslan. Its
door (for no well-explained reason) has become a door to Aslan's Country
and leads to a reunion with all the protagonists of the series. It also
becomes the frame of Aslan's final destruction of Narnia and judging of
its inhabitants, which I suspect would be confusing if you didn't already
know something about Christian eschatology. But before that, this
happens, which is sufficiently and deservedly notorious that I think it
needs to be quoted in full.
"Sir," said Tirian, when he had greeted all these. "If I have read the
chronicle aright, there should be another. Has not your Majesty two
sisters? Where is Queen Susan?"
"My sister Susan," answered Peter shortly and gravely, "is no longer a
friend of Narnia."
"Yes," said Eustace, "and whenever you've tried to get her to come and
talk about Narnia or do anything about Narnia, she says 'What
wonderful memories you have! Fancy your still thinking about all
those funny games we used to play when we were children.'"
"Oh Susan!" said Jill. "She's interested in nothing nowadays except
nylons and lipstick and invitations. She always was a jolly sight too
keen on being grown-up."
"Grown-up indeed," said the Lady Polly. "I wish she would grow
up. She wasted all her school time wanting to be the age she is now,
and she'll waste all the rest of her life trying to stay that age.
Her whole idea is to race on to the silliest time of one's life as
quick as she can and then stop there as long as she can."
There are so many obvious and dire problems with this passage, and so many
others have written about it at length, that I will only add a few points.
First, I find it interesting that neither Lucy nor Edmund says a thing.
(I would like to think that Edmund knows better.) The real criticism
comes from three characters who never interacted with Susan in the series:
the two characters introduced after she was no longer allowed to return to
Narnia, and a character from the story that predated hers. (And Eustace
certainly has some gall to criticize someone else for treating Narnia as a
childish game.)
It also doesn't say anything good about Lewis that he puts his rather
sexist attack on Susan into the mouths of two other female characters.
Polly's criticism is a somewhat generic attack on puberty that could
arguably apply to either sex (although "silliness" is usually reserved for
women), but Jill makes the attack explicitly gendered. It's the attack of
a girl who wants to be one of the boys on a girl who embraces things that
are coded feminine, and there's a whole lot of politics around the
construction of gender happening here that Lewis is blindly reinforcing
and not grappling with at all.
Plus, this is only barely supported by single sentences in
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and
The Horse and His Boy and directly
contradicts the earlier books. We're expected to believe that Susan the
archer, the best swimmer, the most sensible and thoughtful of the four
kids has abruptly changed her whole personality. Lewis could have made me
believe Susan had soured on Narnia after the attempted kidnapping (and,
although left unstated, presumably eventual attempted rape) in
The
Horse and His Boy, if one ignores the fact that incident supposedly
happens before
Prince Caspian where
there is no sign of such a reaction. But not for those reasons, and not
in that way.
Thankfully, after this, the book gets better, starting with the Dwarfs,
which is one of the two passages that had a profound influence on me.
Except for one Dwarf who allied with Tirian, the Dwarfs reacted to the
exposure of Shift's lies by disbelieving both Tirian and Shift, calling a
pox on both their houses, and deciding to make their own side. During the
last fight in front of the stable, they started killing whichever side
looked like they were winning. (Although this is horrific in the story, I
think this is accurate social commentary on a certain type of cynicism,
even if I suspect Lewis may have been aiming it at atheists.) Eventually,
they're thrown through the stable door by the Calormenes. However, rather
than seeing the land of beauty and plenty that everyone else sees, they
are firmly convinced they're in a dark, musty stable surrounded by refuse
and dirty straw.
This is, quite explicitly, not something imposed on them. Lucy rebukes
Eustace for wishing Tash had killed them, and tries to make friends with
them. Aslan tries to show them how wrong their perceptions are, to no
avail. Their unwillingness to admit they were wrong is so strong that
they make themselves believe that everything is worse than it actually is.
"You see," said Aslan. "They will not let us help them. They have
chosen cunning instead of belief. Their prison is only in their own
minds, yet they are in that prison; and so afraid of being taken in
that they cannot be taken out."
I grew up with the US evangelical version of Hell as a place of eternal
torment, which in turn was used to justify religious atrocities in the
name of saving people from Hell. But there is no Hell of that type in
this book. There is a shadow into which many evil characters simply
disappear, and there's this passage. Reading this was the first time I
understood the alternative idea of Hell as the absence of God instead of
active divine punishment. Lewis doesn't use the word "Hell," but it's
obvious from context that the Dwarfs are in Hell. But it's not something
Aslan does to them and no one wants them there; they could leave any time
they wanted, but they're too unwilling to be wrong.
You may have to be raised in conservative Christianity to understand how
profoundly this rethinking of Hell (which Lewis tackles at greater length
in
The Great Divorce) undermines the system of guilt and fear
that's used as motivation and control. It took me several re-readings and
a lot of thinking about this passage, but this is where I stopped
believing in a vengeful God who will eternally torture nonbelievers, and
thus stopped believing in all of the other theology that goes with it.
The second passage that changed me is Emeth's story. Emeth is a devout
Calormene, a follower of Tash, who volunteered to enter the stable when
Shift and his co-conspirators were claiming Aslan/Tash was inside. Some
time after going through, he encounters Aslan, and this is part of his
telling of that story (and yes, Lewis still has Calormenes telling stories
as if they were British translators of the
Arabian Nights):
[...] Lord, is it then true, as the Ape said, that thou and Tash are
one? The Lion growled so that the earth shook (but his wrath was not
against me) and said, It is false. Not because he and I are one, but
because we are opposites, I take to me the services which thou hast
done to him. For I and he are of such different kinds that no service
which is vile can be done to me, and none which is not vile can be
done to him. Therefore if any man swear by Tash and keep his oath for
the oath's sake, it is by me that he has truly sworn, though he know
it not, and it is I who reward him. And if any man do a cruelty in my
name, then, though he says the name Aslan, it is Tash whom he serves
and by Tash his deed is accepted. Dost thou understand, Child? I
said, Lord, thou knowest how much I understand. But I said also (for
the truth constrained me), Yet I have been seeking Tash all my days.
Beloved, said the Glorious One, unless thy desire had been for me,
thou wouldst not have sought so long and so truly. For all find what
they truly seek.
So, first, don't ever say this to anyone. It's horribly condescending
and, since it's normally said by white Christians to other people, usually
explicitly colonialist. Telling someone that their god is evil but since
they seem to be a good person they're truly worshiping your god is only
barely better than saying yours is the only true religion.
But it
is better, and as someone who, at the time, was wholly
steeped in the belief that only Christians were saved and every follower
of another religion was following Satan and was damned to Hell, this
passage
blew my mind. This was the first place I encountered the
idea that someone who followed a different religion could be saved, or
that God could transcend religion, and it came with exactly the context
and justification that I needed given how close-minded I was at the time.
Today, I would say that the Christian side of this analysis needs far more
humility, and fobbing off all the evil done in the name of the Christian
God by saying "oh, those people were really following Satan" is a total
moral copout. But, nonetheless, Lewis opened a door for me that I was
able to step through and move beyond to a less judgmental, dismissive, and
hostile view of others.
There's not much else in the book after this. It's mostly Lewis's
charmingly Platonic view of the afterlife, in which the characters go
inward and upward to truer and more complete versions of both Narnia and
England and are reunited (very briefly) with every character of the
series. Lewis knows not to try too hard to describe the indescribable,
but it remains one of my favorite visions of an afterlife because it makes
so explicit that this world is neither static or the last, but only the
beginning of a new adventure.
This final section of
The Last Battle is deeply flawed, rather
arrogant, a little bizarre, and involves more lectures on theology than
precise description, but I still love it. By itself, it's not a bad
ending for the series, although I don't think it has half the beauty or
wonder of the end of
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. It's a shame
about the rest of the book, and it's a worse shame that Lewis chose to
sacrifice Susan on the altar of his prejudices. Those problems made it
very hard to read this book again and make it impossible to recommend.
Thankfully, you can read the series without it, and perhaps most readers
would be better off imagining their own ending (or lack of ending) to
Narnia than the one Lewis chose to give it.
But the one redeeming quality
The Last Battle will always have for
me is that, despite all of its flaws, it was exactly the book that I
needed to read when I read it.
Rating: 4 out of 10
Part 3 is the last part in this short cycle. Here I ll explain all the details around Time-based One-Time Password algorithm. I ll finish up by also elaborating on things common to both, HMAC-Based One-Time Password algorithm:
QR Codes used to easily transfer secrets from the server to the Authenticator app Base32 algorithm used to store non-printable secret in a URI (effectively stored by the QR Codes mentioned above). TOTP One way to avoid the problems with lack of feedback between server and the app would be to shift from using a counter that is increasing with every authentication attempt to a counter based on, for example, a time stamp.
openvpn client configuration with systemd.
Spent a while trying to figure out why my configuration
file /etc/openvpn does not take effect. It was
because I needed to tell systemd to reload the daemon stuff
and trying to restart openvpn only did not have any
meaningful effect. After I learnt how things work it made some sense,
but I expected /etc/init.d/openvpn restart to do the right thing.
Release 1.1.57-2 of the 
Several issues were brought before the Debian Community team regarding responsiveness, tone, and needed software updates to 
If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants Issac Newton, 1675. Although it should be credited to 12th century Bernard of Chartres. You will know why I have shared this, probably at the beginning of Civil Aviation history itself.
But yes, it needs it own space, maybe after some more time.
In July I was assigned 16 hours of work by Freexian's Debian LTS
initiative and carried over 2.75 hours from earlier months. I worked
12.75 hours and will carry over the remainder.
I applied some urgent (and some not-so-urgent) security fixes to the
linux (Linux 4.9), uploaded it, and issued
