Compute clusters for Debian development and building final report
Summary
-
The goal of this project was intended to have Eucalyptus cloud to
support ARM images so it allows Debian developers and users to be able
to use such facility for taks such package building, software
development (ie. Android) under a Debian pre-set image,
software testing many others.
What was expected to have at the end is a modified version of Eucalyptus
Cloud that supports ARM images on the first place. To date this goal has
been reached but is not complete, read production-ready. Extensive test
needs to be done. Besides that we have another goal which is to get
Debian community to use this new extended tool.
Project overview
-
Eucalyptus is a hybrid cloud computing platform which has a Open Source
(FLOSS) version. It s targetted to be used for PaaS (Platform as a
Service), IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) and other distribution
models. It can be used also for cloud management. Given that it has
implemented the EC2, for computing, and the S3, for storage, API, it s
compatible with existing public clouds such Amazon EC2. Currently it
supports running i386 and amd64 images or NC (Node Controllers) in
Eucalyptus naming.
Eucalyptus is a complex piece of software. It s architechture it s
modular composed by five components. Cloud Controller (CLC), Walrus (W),
Storage Controller (SC), Cluster Controller (CC) and Node Controller
(NC). The first three are written in Java and the remaining are written
in C. Our project modifications was targetted to the NC component,
altough there is a remaining task for hacking the UI to allow setting
the arch of the uploaded NC image instance.
The Node Controller is in charge of setting the proper information for
Eucalyptus to be able to run virtualized images. Eucalyptus uses XEN and
KVM hyphervisor to handle internal virtualization subsystem, and
Libvirt, which is an abstraction of the existing virtualization
libraries, for program interfacing.
Having that in mind we are back to our project. For our project to be
sucessful we had various tasks to do. Beginning with understanding such
complex piece of software, followed by hacking the requiered bits and
later integrate the work so it results in a useful tool. Our approach to
the project was then inline with such description.
The project s history
I started my participation in GSoC approaching Steffen to discuss about
what was expected, or more accurately, what was in his mind. We
exchanged emails previous to my application and that resulted on my
application being submitted. From the beginning I should tell that I
wasn t much clear on the final product of the project, however we
refined ideas and goals during the weeks following to the official
begining of the project. What was clear for me, after all, is that for
this to see the light and gain adoption Eucalyptus code needed to be
dealt with.
Our first task was review ARM image creation from scratch, using the
work done by Aurelien and Dominique in previous GSoC. I ve managed to
get an updated ARM image running under qemu-system-arm. The issues
presented in the past were almost unexistant now that the versatile
kernel is official. You can see this on my first report.
After that being done and sometimes in parallel my main goal was then understand
the internals of the Eucalyptus software in order to figure out it s
feasibility, where do we need to extend and how big the task is, we
didn t knew upfront. From the beginning of the project Steffen was kind
to introduce me to the Eucalyptus developers and that have resulted in a
good outcome for Debian, IMHO, to date.
Understanding Eucalyptus internals was quite a fun task to say the less. As you
can see on the first part of the report Eucalyptus is modularized and
the component I was expected to work with was the NC (Node
Controller). Given that I isolated my work focus, I started to focus on
learning the internals about that component.
Node Controller as described is in charge of talking with
virtualization hyphervisors in order to arrange things to run guest
image instances. The module has basically one main component: handler.c,
in charge to talk to the appropiate hyphervisor and there are
extensions (think of OOP polymorphism but acknoledge it s plain C)
that interact with KVM or XEN.
I figured that if qemu-kvm is ran in Hyphervisor mode we can manage to
run an ARM image with qemu-system-arm. Given that Eucalyptus has
interaction with KVM hyphervisor in place, this answered the question of
the project s feasibility. First green light on.
>From this point the scope reduced to interacting with the KVM handler
(node/handler_kvm.c) and extend it to support running an image that is
not amd64 or i386.
NC makes use of libvirt to abstract interaction with Hyphervisors. So,
the next phase was learning about it s API and figure what s needed to
be modified next. Libvirt uses a XML file for setting Domain (in
libvirt s naming) definitions. So, Eucalyptus provides a Perl wrapper to
generate this file on runtime and allow the NC to invoke libvirt s API
to run the instance. Next task then, was adapt such script to support
ARM arch. The current script is taiolred for amd64 and i383. I worked on
that front and managed to get a script prototype, that can later be
improved and support more arch s.
Generating an adequate Libvirt s XML Domain definition file for ARM can
be a heroic task. There are many things to have in mind given the
diversity of the ARM processor and vendors. I focused on the versatile
flavour given that I was going to test the image I built on the first
place and it ran fine under qemu-system-arm.
The Perl script wrapper then was adapted for such configuration and it
can be tested independently by issuing the following command:
$ tools/gen_kvm_libvirt_xml arch arm
The arch parameter is what I implemented and it s intended to be
called from the kvm handler on instance creation. With the extensibility
in mind I ve created a hash to associate the arch with their
corresponding emulator.
our %arches = (
amd64 => /usr/bin/kvm ,
arm => /usr/bin/qemu-system-arm ,
);
Added the arch parameter to the GetOptions() function and used
conditions to tell whether the user is looking for a particular arch,
arm in our case. The most important parts to be considered are the
, and entries.
hvm
$local_kvm
There s also and that require to be tailored for arm.
root=0800
As output the script generates an XML template that can be adapted to
your needs and it could be used and tested with tools like Libvirt s
virsh. So that, it can be useful independently of Eucalyptus. I managed
to get to this point before the midterm evaluation.
Now that we had the XML wrapper almost done, the next task was to make
the handler call pass the arch as an argument to the script, so the
image is loaded with the proper settings and we are able to run it.
Eucalyptus doesn t have a arch field for NC s instances. So, after approaching
Eucalyptus developers, with whom we had already being interacting, I
settled to my proposal of extending the ncInstance struct with an arch
field (util/data.h). The ncInstance_t struct stores the metadata for the
instance being created. It s used for storing runtime data as well as
network configuration and more. It was indeed the right place to add a
new field. I did so by creating the archId field.
Now I needed to make sure the arch information is stored and later used on the
libvirt s call.
typedef struct ncInstance_t
char instanceId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char imageId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char imageURL[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char kernelId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char kernelURL[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char ramdiskId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char ramdiskURL[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char reservationId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char userId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char archId[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
int retries;
/* state as reported to CC & CLC */
char stateName[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE]; /* as string */
int stateCode; /* as int */
/* state as NC thinks of it */
instance_states state;
char keyName[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE*4];
char privateDnsName[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char dnsName[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
int launchTime; // timestamp of RunInstances request arrival
int bootTime; // timestamp of STAGING->BOOTING transition
int terminationTime; // timestamp of when resources are released (->TEARDOWN transition)
virtualMachine params;
netConfig ncnet;
pthread_t tcb;
/* passed into NC via runInstances for safekeeping */
char userData[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE*10];
char launchIndex[CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
char groupNames[EUCA_MAX_GROUPS][CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE];
int groupNamesSize;
/* updated by NC upon Attach/DetachVolume */
ncVolume volumes[EUCA_MAX_VOLUMES];
int volumesSize;
ncInstance;
With that in place what was left was modifying the functions that
store/update the ncInstance data, and also the libvirt s function that
calls the gen_kvm_libvirt_xml script. I ve modified the following files:
- util/data.c
- node/handlers_kvm.c
- node/handlers. c,h
- node/test.c
- node/client-marshall-adb.c
Most important the allocate_instance() function that is in charge of setting up
the instance metadata a prepare it to pass it to the handler, then
hyphervisor trough Libvirt s API. The function now has a new archId
parameter as well, to keep coherence with the field name. It also
handles whether the field is set or not. We (Eucalyptus developers and
I) haven t settled wether to initialize this field with a default value
or not. I d stepped up and initialized with a NULL value for this string
type var.
if (archId != NULL)
strncpy(inst->archId, archId, CHAR_BUFFER_SIZE);
Stores the value only if it s passed to the function. This is essential to
don t break existing functionality and keep consistency for later releases.
With this we almost finished the part of extending Eucalyptus to support
arm images. It took quite long to get to that point. Next step: test.
As I mentioned in my previous report the current Eucalyptus packaging
has issues. From the beginning I ve approached the pkg-eucalyptus team,
who were very hepful. So I myself set me up and joined the pkg team with
commit access to the repo. Even the GSoC is not intended for packaging
labour, I needed to clear things on that side because what we want is
adoption so anyone, say a DSA or a user, could setup a cloud that has
support for running arm instances under amd64 arch.
Over the weeks between mid-term evaluation and past week I ve worked on
that front. Results were good, as you can see in the pkg-eucalyptus
mailing list and SVN repo.
Eucalyptus has a couple of issues that because of it s nature and complexity
triggered build errors. Those issues came from the Java side of the project and
few form the C-side. The C-part was a problem with AXIS2 Jar used to generate
stubs for later inclusion on build-time. There s no definitive solution to date
because one of the Makefile on gatherlog/Makefile issues a subshell call that
doesn t catches the AXIS_HOME environment variable. I ve worked around this
by defining it as a session env var from .zshrc. The other problem is related
to the Java libary versioning and most likely (we had to investigate further)
to groovy versioning.
As I explained Eucalyptus has 3 components written in Java. The Java code uses
extensively the AXIS2 library for implementing webservices calls, the groovy
language for JVM, and many other Java libaries. Eucalyptus open source version
ships both online and offline versions. The difference is basically that
the offline version ships the Java libaries JAR files inside the source code,
so you can build with all required deps.
Our former packaging used a file to list which Java libraries the package
depends on and it symlinked them using system wide installed packages. This
rather than helping out triggered a lot of problems I explaing with more detail
on the pkg-eucalyptus ml. I worked around this by telling the debian/rules
not to use such file to symlink and instead use the existing ones from
the source. The last weekend I managed to get to that point and built
sucessfully the software under Debian. I ve done that in order to have a
complete build-cycle for my changes, and then test. In fact today I ve
spotted and fixed a couple of bugs there.
What s available now
To date we have a Eucalyptus branch where my patches are sent. The level of
extension is nearly complete, more testing needed. One missing bit is to
change the UI so that the user selects which arch her image is and that
value is passed to the corresponding functions on the Node Controller
component.
We also have an ARM image that can be tested and later automated. I ve
recently learned about David Went s VMBuilder repo that extends Ubuntu s
vmbuilder to support image creationg. I might talk to him to adapt the tool
in order to support creation of arm images and use it to upload to an
Eucalyptus cloud.
I ve also created a wiki page with different bits on which I was working on.
I ve yet need to craft it to be more educational. I guess I m going to use
this report as a source :)
We also had more strong cooperation with the Eucalyptus project and
involved their developers on the packaging and this project, which is
something I consider a great outcome for this project and GSoC goals:
to attract more people to contribute to FLOSS. I ve also been contacted by
people from the Panda Project and we might cooperate also.
Future work
I plan to keep working on the project regardless the GSoC ends. Our goal
as Debian could be integrating this into the Eucalyptus upstream
branch. We have good relations with them so expect news from that side.
I also plan to keep working with the Eucalyptus team and related
software in Debian, given that I m familiarized with the tools and
projects.
I m also planning to advocate SoC for Debian in my faculty. To date we
had already 4 students, IIRC, that have participated in the past.
Project challenges and lessons
During the project I faced many challenges both in the personal side
and in the technical one. This part is a bit personal but I expect we
learn from this.
First challenge was the where do I sit problem. My project was
particular, indeed quite different from the others on it s nature. I had
to work on a software that is not Debian s and then come and say Hey we
have this nice tool for you, come test it! . So, indeed, my focus was on
the understanding of such tool, Eucalyptus, and not much on looking back
at Debian because I didn t feel I had something to advertise yet and
indeed I got most valuable/useful feedback from Eucalyptus developers
rather than Debian s, which for the case is OK IMHO. I had great
mentoring. This situation probably looked a bit of isolation from my
side, from Debian s POV, but it was not intended it s just how it needed
to be IMHO. I felt that I wasn t contributing directly to the
project. I ve spoke about such thing with Steffen a couple of times. I d
like to say that it was also my concern but I probably failed on
communicating this, second challenge.
Third challenge was more technical and related to the first one. Since I
was not writing any code for a Debian native package/program but instead for
other project I faced the situation of where to publish my
contributions. Eucalyptus had some issues on managing their FLOSS repo
and the current development one is outdated comparing to the
-src-offline 2.0.3 release. The project didn t fit pkg-eucalyptus repo
neither, even we thought to branch the existing trunk and ship my
contribs as quilt patches, but it involved a lot of more work and burn
on reworking something that has issues now. Later on time I branched the
bzr eucalyptus-devel Launchpad repo and synced there with the
src-offline code. I was slow to react on thing I can say.
Fourth challenge was also technical and still dealing with. I was looking to
setup a machine to set a cloud and test my branch. The Dean of my faculty
kindly offered a machine but I ve never managed to get things arranged
with the technical team. Steffen and I discussed about this and evaluated
options, at the end we settled on pushing adoption rather than showcasing it.
Since for adoption we need a use case, I ve spend some SoC money on hardware
for doing this. I should have news this week on that side :)
Finally, I d like to thank everyone on the Debian SoC team for this
opportunity to participate. I like to thank Steffen for his effort on
arranging things for me, Graziano from Eucalyptus for his advice on
working with the software code. The different people from Eucalyptus I
interacted with and showed interest on the project s sucess. My
classmates and teachers from the Computer Science School at UCSP in
Arequipa-Peru, friends from the computing community in Peru SPC and
finally my family. Thank you, I learned a lot, specially on the personal
side. As Randy Pausch put: The brick walls are there to give us a
chance to show how badly we want something.
Resources
Please see the Wiki page[1] for any reference to the project s resources.
1- http://wiki.debian.org/SummerOfCode2011/BuildWithEucalyptus/ProjectLog
Best regards,
Rudy
Installing Linux on Sandybridge MacBook Air
Matthew Garrett got a report from someone who bought a brand new
Sandybridge MacBook Air and was trying to install Fedora on it. The
screen went black as soon as the i915 driver tried to set the initial
mode.
I bought one to try and help out. Just getting Linux installed turned
out to be a minor adventure and I thought I d write a few notes for
the next person who comes along and tries to do this.
The obvious method
I downloaded a collection of Debian ISO images, live images, netboot
images from testing and CD-1 of squeeze. I downloaded a Fedora 16
alpha XFCE live image. I burned all of these to actual CDs, and then
stuck them in a CD drive and held the c key while booting the
machine.
Nothing worked. The CD would spin up, the screen would switch from
white to a black text mode with a blinking cursor at the upper left
and then then CD would stop.
rEFIt attempts
rEFIt provides a boot selection menu
and various configuration bits to provide for a multi-boot
environment. This is necessary to leave the OS-X install on the disk
and also install Linux.
It also lets you boot from removable media, or at least that was the
story. rEFIt would list removable USB flash storage devices, but it
would not list CD drives, even after the CD drive spun up and did
stuff for a while. This makes me wonder if the c key technique
wasn t actually trying to boot from the CD.
However, rEFIt wouldn t boot from a grub2-enabled USB key.
ISO on USB flash key
What rEFIt will boot is a Fedora or Debian ISO image copied directly
to the USB flash device. The Ubuntu 11.04 live image and it did not
work.
Fedora F16 Alpha
The live image came up and started X in frame buffer mode. However,
when I went to install the image to the hard disk, it got stuck trying
to discover devices. I waited about 20 minutes and it never finished,
although it did chew up a lot of CPU time.
Debian Squeeze
I copied CD-1 of the 32-bit Squeeze distribution to my flash key. That
booted up to text mode and went through the install. Nothing really
unusual until it came to installing grub. I let it install grub to
/dev/sda4, the new partition I had created for Linux. I figured
installing grub to /dev/sda would be a bad idea (I think it would have
actually worked just fine in retrospect).
A slight out-of-sync diversion here I couldn t get the 32-bit
kernel to talk to any keyboard or USB networking device, so I
eventually installed a 64-bit kernel and that works just fine. You can
run a 32-bit user space with a 64-bit kernel without any trouble.
Making EFI boot
Naturally, I couldn t get the machine to boot to Linux after
this. rEFIt, the multi-boot tool for Mac OS X appears only interested
in booting EFI images, or at least was not interested in booting my
BIOS-based Grub2 installation on /dev/sda4.
I used the rescue mode on the USB flash drive to get back to my
installed Linux image and installed grub-efi-amd64. The OS X EFI
version does not support 32-bit EFI code, which seems entirely
reasonable to me.
What took a while was figuring out that all of the grub files need to
be readable through EFI, and that the Mac EFI code can only read FAT
(and HFS?) partitions.
So, the trick appears to be to stick the grub files on the Mac OS X
efi partition (/dev/sda1). I created a directory over there, /EFI/grub
and then mounted that as /efi and made a symlink from /boot/grub to
/efi/EFI/grub. Now, grub-install sticks the files in the right place,
and update-grub will even place grub.cfg in the directory where it
needs to go.
At this point, rEFIt will happily find the core.efi and grub.efi files
and show them in the list of possible operating systems to boot. I
don t know why there are both core.efi and grub.efi files; I ve only
ever picked grub.efi and that has worked nicely.
Broadcom WiFi
I haven t gotten that working yet; the b43 supported chip list says it
works in kernel 3.1. I m busy building a 3.1-rc4 kernel as I type
this, so perhaps that will just work when I boot that.
i915 KMS
The whole reason for doing the install is to fix problems with the eDP
EDID discovery which is currently preventing the machine from running
X. I ll be working on that next; a quick kludge to just read the
current mode from the device should get something on the screen (we
already do that for LVDS panels). Beyond that, I ll be trying to
figure out whether I can make EDID actually work, or whether it s just
not available in this machine.
Somehow the kernel frame buffer ended up as 1280x800, which was quite
annoying. As a temporary kludge, I ran fbset -yres 768 to at least
avoid having text disappear off the bottom of the screen. Once the
panel size is discovered correctly, that should be fixed.
Status
This is sure not like installing Linux on a regular PC. However, I m
reasonably hopeful that the devices in the machine will be working
pretty well under Debian within the next few days.
I just download this tool 
There are two small CLI tools I need often when I m handling larger
networks or more than a few IP addresses at once:
netmask
Rule of thumb: if you're happy with Squeeze s X, stick to it. If you need a
newer driver, for example for Intel Sandy Bridge, then give 
Linux 2.6.24, released more than three years ago, introduced two very
interesting features: 
Wondering what is going on with the port of Debian to the Minix 3 microkernal? Here's an update.
dpkg Ported
Well, the big news as I mentioned in 
The question was recently asked, How do I perform crash recovery on a MySQL
master/slave database cluster? Because replication is async, a transaction
that has been committed to the master may not be able to leave the master
before the crash happens.
The short answer is, you don t. Asynchronous replication, by it s very
nature, is prone to these sorts of issues, and MySQL doesn t make life
easier in general by using query replay.
Some of the issues aren t massive: for instance, if a slave crashes, the
master will keep replication logs for the slave until it comes back up (as
long as the slave comes back before the master decides some of the replogs
are too old and starts deleting them, of course), so as long as you can live
without a master for a while, you can recover and continue along your merry
way.
Promoting a slave to be a master, on the other hand, is a situation frought
with peril. Here, you ve just got to hope hope that your chosen slave is
consistent with the master s state at death (because it s async, you have no
guarantees about that), and that all the other slaves have the same ideas
about what counts as the current state of the data. If your newly-promoted
slave managed to apply an update that another slave didn t, that slave will
be out of sync with reality (until such time as the now-dead master comes
back and replays all those queries hahahaha). To even guarantee that
any slaves have a consistent view of the data as compared to the new master,
you ve got to rereplicate everything from the new master, because MySQL s
where are you up to? counter is master-specific.
I ve heard people who have to deal with this sort of thing these days say
that the 
I sponsored the upload of fonts-anonymous-pro prepared by Rog rio
Brito. This fixed-width font is especially designed for people who
write code, for instance by making clear differences between
characters such as O and 0, or I, l and 1.
I fixed a few glitches in various l10n scripts related to D-I (those
tthigns that run daily, for which I receive a daily mail). They were
the consequence of Alioth migration and I omitted to fix them until
now....mumbling every morning about the scripts' noisy output..:-)
I worked on only one bug for samba (doh). This was #631118 which I
forwarded upstream in order to get it fixed in 3.5 series (even if 3.6
is due out soon and will be what we target for wheezy).
I tried to follow the flow of translations/reviews in DDTP for
French. The activity is high, here, with about 10 packages translated
every day (most often packages I target for the team...by using
high-popcon stats). We even had a big bump during the week-end when
Georges Khaznadar (who is very active when it comes at educative
software) initiated the translation of many edu-related packages (many
of which he maintains himself).
That's about it. Quiet week, indeed with more time invested in paid
work, including during my spare time..:-). And also a week-end in our
country house in Normandy, which usually means more gardening than hacking.
Well, every once in a while we re forced to do something that isn t particularly interesting or pleasant. Last week it happened again: I had to import a few pretty big PSTs (most 2Gig, one 10Gig, with about 100.000 emails) into our dovecot IMAP.
Doing this with Outlook itself was out of the question: it took way too long, even on the local network (many hours for a 1G file) and was prone to hanging and crashes, which were obviously a pain to debug and start over.
So I just read that