Search Results: "ag"

19 June 2021

Andrew Cater: Debian 10.10 media checking - RELEASE - 202106192215

And that's it for another release. A few bugs but nothing show-stopping.Thanks again to Sledge, RattusRattus and Isy, to Linux-Fan and schweer.As the testing page notes, there's a bug in some arm64 installs - the fix should come out via debian-security shortly but you might want to be aware of this. Here's to the next one: only a short time until Bullseye

Andrew Cater: Debian 10.10 media checking - 202106191837 - We're doing quite well

Linux-Fan and Schweer have just left us: Schweer has confirmed that all the Debian-Edu images are fine and working to his satisfaction. After a short break for food, we're all back in on testing: the Cambridge folks are working hard. There have been questions on IRC about the release in Libera.Chat as well. Always good to do this: at some point in the next couple of months, we'll be doing this for Debian 11 [Bullseye] :)Thanks as ever to all behind the scenes making each point release happen and to those folks supporting LTS and ELTS. It takes a huge amount of bug fixing, sometimes on the fly as issues are discovered, to make it work this seamlessly.

Andrew Cater: Fixing Wayland failing to start when a desktop environment is installed but your machine needs firmware. ...

This came up in an install that I was just doing for Debian 10.10 media testing. I hadn't seen this before and it would be disconcerting to other people, though it is a known bug, I think. I was installing an image that had no network and no firmware. KDE failed to run and dropped me to a text mode prompt. This was because the Zotac SBC I'm using requires Radeon R600 firmware to work. There was a warning message on screen to that effect.
The way round this was to plug in a network cable and edit /etc/apt/sources.list. Editing /etc/apt/sources.list was to add contrib and non-free to the appropriate lines to allow me to install firmware-linux-nonfree and firmware-misc-nonfree which includes the appropriate AMD firmware for the embedded Radeon chipset.
Since the machine hadn't been connected to a network at install time, I also needed to run a dhclient command to obtain a network lease and allow me to install the non-free metapackages over the network.Result: success: a full KDE desktop. [The machine is an old Zotac SBC with embedded graphics hardware: AMD E350 - specifically, it requires firmware-amd-graphics and amd64-microcode].

Chris Lamb: *Raiders of the Lost Ark*: 40 Years On

"Again, we see there is nothing you can possess which I cannot take away."
The cinema was a rare and expensive treat in my youth, so I first came across Raiders of the Lost Ark by recording it from television onto a poor quality VHS. I only mention this as it meant I watched a slightly different film to the one intended, as my copy somehow missed off the first 10 minutes. For those not as intimately familiar with the film as me, this is just in time to see a Belloq demand Dr. Jones hand over the Peruvian head (see above), just in time to learn that Indy loathes snakes, and just in time to see the inadvertent reproduction of two Europeans squabbling over the spoils of a foreign land. What this truncation did to my interpretation of the film (released thirty years ago today on June 19th 1981) is interesting to explore. Without Jones' physical and moral traits being demonstrated on-screen (as well as missing the weighing the gold head and the rollercoaster boulder scene), it actually made the idea of 'Indiana Jones' even more of a mythical archetype. The film wisely withholds Jones' backstory, but my directors cut deprived him of even more, and counterintuitively imbued him with even more of a legendary hue as the elision made his qualities an assumption beyond question. Indiana Jones, if you can excuse the clich , needed no introduction at all. Good artists copy, great artists steal. And oh boy, does Raiders steal. I've watched this film about twenty times over the past two decades and it's now firmly entered into my personal canon. But watching it on its thirtieth anniversary was different not least because I could situate it in a broader cinematic context. For example, I now see the Gestapo officer in Major Strasser from Casablanca (1942), in fact just as I can with many of Raiders' other orientalist tendencies: not only in its breezy depictions of backwards sand people, but also of North Africa as an entrep t and playground for a certain kind of Western gangster. The opening as well, set in an equally reductionist pseudo-Peru, now feels like Werner Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) but without, of course, any self-conscious colonial critique.
The imagery of the ark appears to be borrowed from James Tissot's The Ark Passes Over the Jordan, part of the fin de siecle fascination with the occult and (ironically enough given the background of Raiders' director), a French Catholic revival.
I can now also appreciate some of the finer edges that make this film just so much damn fun to watch. For instance, the comic book conceit that Jones and Belloq are a 'shadowy reflection' of one other and that they need 'only a nudge' to make one like the other. As is the idea that Belloq seems to be actually enjoying being evil. I also spotted Jones rejecting the martini on the plane. This feels less like a comment on corrupting effect of alcohol (he drinks rather heavily elsewhere in the film), but rather a subtle distancing from James Bond. This feels especially important given that the action-packed cold open is, let us be honest for a second, ripped straight from the 007 franchise. John William's soundtracks are always worth mentioning. The corny Raiders March does almost nothing for me, but the highly-underrated 'Ark theme' certainly does. I delight in its allusions to Gregorian chant, the diabolus in musica and the Hungarian minor scale, fusing the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity (the stacked thirds, get it?), the ars antiqua of the Middle Ages with an 'exotic' twist that the Russian Five associated with central European Judaism.
The best use of the ark leitmotif is, of course, when it is opened. Here, Indy and Marion are saved by not opening their eyes whilst the 'High Priest' Belloq and the rest of the Nazis are all melted away. I'm no Biblical scholar, but I'm almost certain they were alluding to Leviticus 16:2 here:
The Lord said to Moses: Tell your brother Aaron that he is not to come whenever he chooses into the Most Holy Place behind the curtain in front of the atonement cover on the ark, or else he will die, for I will appear in the cloud above the mercy seat.
But would it be too much of a stretch to also see the myth of Orpheus and Eurydices too? Orpheus's wife would only be saved from the underworld if he did not turn around until he came to his own house. But he turned round to look at his wife, and she instantly slipped back into the depths:
For he who overcome should turn back his gaze
Towards the Tartarean cave,
Whatever excellence he takes with him
He loses when he looks on those below.
Perhaps not, given that Marion and the ark are not lost in quite the same way. But whilst touching on gender, it was interesting to update my view of archaeologist Ren Belloq. To countermand his slight queer coding (a trope of Disney villains such as Scar, Jafar, Cruella, etc.), there is a rather clumsy subplot involving Belloq repeatedly (and half-heartedly) failing to seduce Marion. This disavows any idea that Belloq isn't firmly heterosexual, essential for the film's mainstream audience, but it is especially important in Raiders because, if we recall the relationship between Belloq and Jones: 'it would take only a nudge to make you like me'. (This would definitely put a new slant on 'Top men'.)
However, my favourite moment is where the Nazis place the ark in a crate in order to transport it to the deserted island. On route, the swastikas on the side of the crate spontaneously burn away, and a disturbing noise is heard in the background. This short scene has always fascinated me, partly because it's the first time in the film that the power of the ark is demonstrated first-hand but also because gives the object an other-worldly nature that, to the best of my knowledge, has no parallel in the rest of cinema. Still, I had always assumed that the Aak disfigured the swastikas because of their association with the Nazis, interpreting the act as God's condemnation of the Third Reich. But now I catch myself wondering whether the ark would have disfigured any iconography as a matter of principle or whether their treatment was specific to the swastika. We later get a partial answer to this question, as the 'US Army' inscriptions in the Citizen Kane warehouse remain untouched. Far from being an insignificant concern, the filmmakers appear to have wandered into a highly-contested theological debate. As in, if the burning of the swastika is God's moral judgement of the Nazi regime, then God is clearly both willing and able to intervene in human affairs. So why did he not, to put it mildly, prevent Auschwitz? From this perspective, Spielberg appears to be limbering up for some of the academic critiques surrounding Holocaust representations that will follow Schindler's List (1993). Given my nostalgic and somewhat ironic attachment to Raiders, it will always be difficult for me to objectively appraise the film. Even so, it feels like it is underpinned by an earnest attempt to entertain the viewer, largely absent in the affected cynicism of contemporary cinema. And when considered in the totality of Hollywood's output, its tonal and technical flaws are not actually that bad or at least Marion's muddled characterisation and its breezy chauvinism (for example) clearly have far worse examples. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about the film in 2021 is that it hasn't changed that much at all. It spawned one good sequel (The Last Crusade), one bad one (The Temple of Doom), and one hardly worth mentioning at all, yet these adventures haven't affected the original Raiders in any meaningful way. In fact, if anything has affected the original text it is, once again, George Lucas himself, as knowing the impending backlash around the Star Wars prequels adds an inadvertent paratext to all his earlier works. Yet in a 1978 discussion prior to the creation of Raiders, you can get a keen sense of how Lucas' childlike enthusiasm will always result in something either extremely good or something extremely bad somehow no middle ground is quite possible. Yes, it's easy to rubbish his initial ideas 'We'll call him Indiana Smith! but hasn't Lucas actually captured the essence of a heroic 'Americana' here, and that the final result is simply a difference of degree, not kind?

Chris Lamb: Raiders of the Lost Ark: 40 Years On

"Again, we see there is nothing you can possess which I cannot take away."
The cinema was a rare and expensive treat in my youth, so I first came across Raiders of the Lost Ark by recording it from television onto a poor quality VHS. I only mention this as it meant I watched a slightly different film to the one intended, as my copy somehow missed off the first 10 minutes. For those not as intimately familiar with the film as me, this is just in time to see a Belloq demand Dr. Jones hand over the Peruvian head (see above), just in time to learn that Indy loathes snakes, and just in time to see the inadvertent reproduction of two Europeans squabbling over the spoils of a foreign land. What this truncation did to my interpretation of the film (released thirty years ago today on June 19th 1981) is interesting to explore. Without Jones' physical and moral traits being demonstrated on-screen (as well as missing the weighing the gold head and the rollercoaster boulder scene), it actually made the idea of 'Indiana Jones' even more of a mythical archetype. The film wisely withholds Jones' backstory, but my directors cut deprived him of even more, and counterintuitively imbued him with even more of a legendary hue as the elision made his qualities an assumption beyond question. Indiana Jones, if you can excuse the clich , needed no introduction at all. Good artists copy, great artists steal. And oh boy, does Raiders steal. I've watched this film about twenty times over the past two decades and it's now firmly entered into my personal canon. But watching it on its thirtieth anniversary was different not least because I could situate it in a broader cinematic context. For example, I now see the Gestapo officer in Major Strasser from Casablanca (1942), in fact just as I can with many of Raiders' other orientalist tendencies: not only in its breezy depictions of backwards sand people, but also of North Africa as an entrep t and playground for a certain kind of Western gangster. The opening as well, set in an equally reductionist pseudo-Peru, now feels like Werner Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) but without, of course, any self-conscious colonial critique.
The imagery of the ark appears to be borrowed from James Tissot's The Ark Passes Over the Jordan, part of the fin de siecle fascination with the occult and (ironically enough given the background of Raiders' director), a French Catholic revival.
I can now also appreciate some of the finer edges that make this film just so much damn fun to watch. For instance, the comic book conceit that Jones and Belloq are a 'shadowy reflection' of one other and that they need 'only a nudge' to make one like the other. As is the idea that Belloq seems to be actually enjoying being evil. I also spotted Jones rejecting the martini on the plane. This feels less like a comment on corrupting effect of alcohol (he drinks rather heavily elsewhere in the film), but rather a subtle distancing from James Bond. This feels especially important given that the action-packed cold open is, let us be honest for a second, ripped straight from the 007 franchise. John William's soundtracks are always worth mentioning. The corny Raiders March does almost nothing for me, but the highly-underrated 'Ark theme' certainly does. I delight in its allusions to Gregorian chant, the diabolus in musica and the Hungarian minor scale, fusing the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity (the stacked thirds, get it?), the ars antiqua of the Middle Ages with an 'exotic' twist that the Russian Five associated with central European Judaism.
The best use of the ark leitmotif is, of course, when it is opened. Here, Indy and Marion are saved by not opening their eyes whilst the 'High Priest' Belloq and the rest of the Nazis are all melted away. I'm no Biblical scholar, but I'm almost certain they were alluding to Leviticus 16:2 here:
The Lord said to Moses: Tell your brother Aaron that he is not to come whenever he chooses into the Most Holy Place behind the curtain in front of the atonement cover on the ark, or else he will die, for I will appear in the cloud above the mercy seat.
But would it be too much of a stretch to also see the myth of Orpheus and Eurydices too? Orpheus's wife would only be saved from the underworld if he did not turn around until he came to his own house. But he turned round to look at his wife, and she instantly slipped back into the depths:
For he who overcome should turn back his gaze
Towards the Tartarean cave,
Whatever excellence he takes with him
He loses when he looks on those below.
Perhaps not, given that Marion and the ark are not lost in quite the same way. But whilst touching on gender, it was interesting to update my view of archaeologist Ren Belloq. To countermand his slight queer coding (a trope of Disney villains such as Scar, Jafar, Cruella, etc.), there is a rather clumsy subplot involving Belloq repeatedly (and half-heartedly) failing to seduce Marion. This disavows any idea that Belloq isn't firmly heterosexual, essential for the film's mainstream audience, but it is especially important in Raiders because, if we recall the relationship between Belloq and Jones: 'it would take only a nudge to make you like me'. (This would definitely put a new slant on 'Top men'.)
However, my favourite moment is where the Nazis place the ark in a crate in order to transport it to the deserted island. On route, the swastikas on the side of the crate spontaneously burn away, and a disturbing noise is heard in the background. This short scene has always fascinated me, partly because it's the first time in the film that the power of the ark is demonstrated first-hand but also because gives the object an other-worldly nature that, to the best of my knowledge, has no parallel in the rest of cinema. Still, I had always assumed that the Aak disfigured the swastikas because of their association with the Nazis, interpreting the act as God's condemnation of the Third Reich. But now I catch myself wondering whether the ark would have disfigured any iconography as a matter of principle or whether their treatment was specific to the swastika. We later get a partial answer to this question, as the 'US Army' inscriptions in the Citizen Kane warehouse remain untouched. Far from being an insignificant concern, the filmmakers appear to have wandered into a highly-contested theological debate. As in, if the burning of the swastika is God's moral judgement of the Nazi regime, then God is clearly both willing and able to intervene in human affairs. So why did he not, to put it mildly, prevent Auschwitz? From this perspective, Spielberg appears to be limbering up for some of the academic critiques surrounding Holocaust representations that will follow Schindler's List (1993). Given my nostalgic and somewhat ironic attachment to Raiders, it will always be difficult for me to objectively appraise the film. Even so, it feels like it is underpinned by an earnest attempt to entertain the viewer, largely absent in the affected cynicism of contemporary cinema. And when considered in the totality of Hollywood's output, its tonal and technical flaws are not actually that bad or at least Marion's muddled characterisation and its breezy chauvinism (for example) clearly have far worse examples. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about the film in 2021 is that it hasn't changed that much at all. It spawned one good sequel (The Last Crusade), one bad one (The Temple of Doom), and one hardly worth mentioning at all, yet these adventures haven't affected the original Raiders in any meaningful way. In fact, if anything has affected the original text it is, once again, George Lucas himself, as knowing the impending backlash around the Star Wars prequels adds an inadvertent paratext to all his earlier works. Yet in a 1978 discussion prior to the creation of Raiders, you can get a keen sense of how Lucas' childlike enthusiasm will always result in something either extremely good or something extremely bad somehow no middle ground is quite possible. Yes, it's easy to rubbish his initial ideas 'We'll call him Indiana Smith! but hasn't Lucas actually captured the essence of a heroic 'Americana' here, and that the final result is simply a difference of degree, not kind?

Andrew Cater: Debian 10.10 release 202106191548

Late blogging on this one.Even as we wait for the final release of Bullseye [Debian 11], we're still producing updates for Debian 10 [Buster].Today has thrown up a few problems: working with Steve, RattusRattus and Isy in Cambridge, Schweer and Linux-Fan somewhere else in the world.A couple of build problems have meant that we've started later than we otherwise might have been and a couple of image runs have had to be redone. We're there now and happily running tests.As ever, it's good to be doing this. With practice, I can now repeat mistakes with 100% reliability and in shorter time :)More updates later.

Joachim Breitner: Leaving DFINITY

Last Thursday was my last working day at DFINITY. There are various reasons why I felt that after almost three years the DFINITY Foundation isn t quite the right place for me anymore, and this plan has been in the making for a while. Primarily, there are personal pull factors that strongly suggest that I ll take a break from full time employment, so I decided to see the launch of the Internet Computer through and then leave. DFINITY has hired some amazing people, and it was a great pleasure to work with them. I learned a lot (some Rust, a lot of Nix, and just how merciless Conway s law is), and I dare say I had the opportunity to do some good work, contributing my part to make the Internet Computer a reality. I am especially proud of the Interface Specification and the specification-driven design principles behind it. It even comes with a model reference implementation and acceptance test suite, and although we didn t quite get to do formalization, those familiar with the DeepSpec project will recognize some influence of their concept of deep specifications . Besides that, there is of course my work on the Motoko programming language, where I build the backend,a the Candid interoperability layer, where I helped with the formalism, formulated the a generic soundness criterion for Interface Description Languages in a higher order settings and formally verified that in Coq. Fortunately, all of this work is now Free Software or at least Open Source. With so much work poured into this project, I continue to care about it, and you ll see me post on the the developer forum and hack on Motoko. As the Internet Computer becomes gradually more open, I hope I can be gradually more involved again. But even without me contributing full-time I am sure that DFINITY and the Internet Computer will do well; when I left there were still plenty of smart, capable and enthusiastic people forging ahead. So what s next? So far, I have rushed every professional transition in my life: When starting my PhD, when starting my postdoc, when starting my job at DFINITY, and every time I regretted it. So this time, I will take a proper break and will explore the world a bit (as far as that is possible given the pandemic). I will stresslessly contribute to various open source projects. I also hope to do more public outreach and teaching, writing more blog posts again, recording screencasts and giving talks and lectures. If you want to invite me to your user group/seminar/company/workshop, please let me know! Also, I might be up for small interesting projects in a while. Beyond these, I have no concrete plans and am looking forward to the inspiration I might get from hiking through the Scandinavian wilderness. If you happen to stumble across my tent, please stop for a tea.

18 June 2021

Gunnar Wolf: Fighting spam on roundcube with modsecurity

Every couple of months, one of my users falls prey to phishing attacks, and send their login/password data to an unknown somebody who poses as Well, as me, their always-friendly and always-helpful systems administrator. What follows is, of course, me spending a week trying to get our systems out of all of the RBLs/DNSBLs. But, no matter how fast I act, there s always distruption and lost mails (bounced or classified as spam) for my users. Most of my users use the Webmail I have configured on our institute s servers, Roundcube, for which I have the highest appreciation. Only that Of course, when a user yields their username and password to an attacker, it is very successful at Sending huge amounts of unrequested mail, leading to my server losing its reputation This week, I set two bits of mitigation strategies. The first one, most straightforward, was to ask Roundcube to disallow sending mails with over ten recipients. In a Debian install, this is as easy as setting up the following variable in /etc/roundcube/config.inc.php:
$config['max_recipients'] = 10
However, a dilligent spammer can still clog the server by sending many, many, many, many requests maybe each of them with ten recipients only; last weekend, I got a new mail every three seconds or so. Adding rate limit to a specific Roundcube action is not easy, however, or at least it took me quite a bit of headbanging to get it right . Roundcube is a very AJAX-y system where all (most, at least) actions are received by /index.php and there is quite a bit of parsing to do to understand the actions done. When sending a mail, of course, it is done using the POST HTTP verb, and the URI-specified variables include _task=mail&_unlock=loading<message_id> (of course, with changing message IDs). After some poking here and there, I faced to SpiderLabs ModSecurity Only that I am not yet well versed in writing rules for it. But after quite a bit of reading, poking, breaking I was able to come up with the following rules:
# How often does the limit counter expire   ratelimit_client=60,
# every 60 seconds
SecRule REQUEST_LINE "@rx POST.*_task=mail&_unlock" id:10,phase:2,nolog,pass,setuid:% tx.ua_hash ,setvar:user.ratelimit_client=+1,expirevar:user.ratelimit_client=60
# How many requests do we allow in the specified time period?  
# @gt 3, 3 requests
SecRule user:ratelimit_client "@gt 2" chain,id:100009,phase:2,deny,status:429,setenv:RATELIMITED,log,msg:RATE-LIMITED
SecRule REQUEST_LINE "@rx POST.*_task=mail&_unlock"
The first line specifies the rule will match request lines specifying the POST verb aind including the _task=mail&_unlock fragment in the URL. It increments tht ratelimit_client user variable, but expires it after 60 seconds. The first line verifies whether the above specified variable (do note that it s user: instead of user.) is greater than 2. If so, it sets the deny action, HTTP return status of 429 (Too Many Requests), and logs the reason why this request was denied (rate-limited). And Given the way Roundcube works, this even works transparently! If a user hits the limit, the mail sending component will just wait and, after a while, time out. Then, the user can click Send again. If legitimate users are too productive and try to send over three mails in a minute, they won t lose any of it; spammers will (hopefully!) find it unbearably slow and give up. Logging is quite informative; I will probably later restrict it to show fewer parts (even if just for privacy sake, as it logs the full request!) For a complex permissions framework such as mod_security, having information such as the following is most welcome in order to find a possibly misbehaving rule:
--76659f4b-H--
Message: Access denied with code 429 (phase 2). Pattern match "POST.*_task=mail&_unlock" at REQUEST_LINE. [file "/etc/modsecurity/rate_limit_sender.conf"] [line "20"] [id "100009"] [msg "RATELIMITED BOT"]
Apache-Error: [file "apache2_util.c"] [line 273] [level 3] [client 192.168.1.48] ModSecurity: Access denied with code 429 (phase 2). Pattern match "POST.*_task=mail&_unlock" at REQUEST_LINE. [file "/etc/modsecurity/rate_limit_sender.conf"] [line "20"] [id "100009"] [msg "RATELIMITED BOT"] [hostname "my.server.mx"] [uri "/roundcube/"] [unique_id "YMzJLR9jVDMGsG@18kB1qAAAAAY"]
Action: Intercepted (phase 2)
Stopwatch: 1624033581838813 1204 (- - -)
Stopwatch2: 1624033581838813 1204; combined=352, p1=29, p2=140, p3=0, p4=0, p5=94, sr=81, sw=89, l=0, gc=0
Response-Body-Transformed: Dechunked
Producer: ModSecurity for Apache/2.9.3 (http://www.modsecurity.org/).
Server: Apache
WebApp-Info: "default" "-" ""
Engine-Mode: "ENABLED"
I truly, truly hope this is the last time my server falls in the black pits of DNSBL/RBL lists

Enrico Zini: Playbooks, host vars, group vars

This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience. Host variables Ansible allows to specify per-host variables, and I like that. Let's try to model a host as a dataclass:
@dataclass
class Host:
    """
    A host to be provisioned.
    """
    name: str
    type: str = "Mitogen"
    args: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    def _make_system(self) -> System:
        cls = getattr(transilience.system, self.type)
        return cls(self.name, **self.args)
This should have enough information to create a connection to the host, and can be subclassed to add host-specific dataclass fields. Host variables can then be provided as default constructor arguments when instantiating Roles:
    # Add host/group variables to role constructor args
    host_fields =  f.name: f for f in fields(host) 
    for field in fields(role_cls):
        if field.name in host_fields:
            role_kwargs.setdefault(field.name, getattr(host, field.name))
    role = role_cls(**role_kwargs)
Group variables It looks like I can model groups and group variables by using dataclasses as mixins:
@dataclass
class Webserver:
    server_name: str = "www.example.org"
@dataclass
class Srv1(Webserver):
    ...
Doing things like filtering all hosts that are members of a given group can be done with a simple isinstance or issubclass test. Playbooks So far Transilience is executing on one host at a time, and Ansible can execute on a whole host inventory. Since the most part of running a playbook is I/O bound, we can parallelize hosts using threads, without worrying too much about the performance impact of GIL. Let's introduce a Playbook class as the main entry point for a playbook:
class Playbook:
    def setup_logging(self):
        ...
    def make_argparser(self):
        description = inspect.getdoc(self)
        if not description:
            description = "Provision systems"
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
        parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true",
                            help="verbose output")
        parser.add_argument("--debug", action="store_true",
                            help="verbose output")
        return parser
    def hosts(self) -> Sequence[Host]:
        """
        Generate a sequence with all the systems on which the playbook needs to run
        """
        return ()
    def start(self, runner: Runner):
        """
        Start the playbook on the given runner.
        This method is called once for each system returned by systems()
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(f" self.__class__.__name__ .start is not implemented")
    def main(self):
        parser = self.make_argparser()
        self.args = parser.parse_args()
        self.setup_logging()
        # Start all the runners in separate threads
        threads = []
        for host in self.hosts():
            runner = Runner(host)
            self.start(runner)
            t = threading.Thread(target=runner.main)
            threads.append(t)
            t.start()
        # Wait for all threads to complete
        for t in threads:
            t.join()
And an actual playbook will now look like something like this:
from dataclasses import dataclass
import sys
from transilience import Playbook, Host
@dataclass
class MyServer(Host):
    srv_root: str = "/srv"
    site_admin: str = "enrico@enricozini.org"
class VPS(Playbook):
    """
    Provision my VPS
    """
    def hosts(self):
        yield MyServer(name="server", args= 
            "method": "ssh",
            "hostname": "host.example.org",
            "username": "root",
         )
    def start(self, runner):
        runner.add_role("fail2ban")
        runner.add_role("prosody")
        runner.add_role(
                "mailserver",
                postmaster="enrico",
                myhostname="mail.example.org",
                aliases= ... )
if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(VPS().main())
It looks quite straightforward to me, works on any number of hosts, and has a proper command line interface:
./provision  --help
usage: provision [-h] [-v] [--debug]
Provision my VPS
optional arguments:
  -h, --help     show this help message and exit
  -v, --verbose  verbose output
  --debug        verbose output
Next step: check mode!

17 June 2021

Elana Hashman: I'm hosting a Bug Scrub for Kubernetes SIG Node

It's been a long while since I last hosted a BSP, but 'tis the season. Kubernetes SIG Node will be holding a bug scrub on June 24-25, and this is a great opportunity for you to get involved if you're interested in contributing to Kubernetes or SIG Node! We will be hosting a global event with region captains for all timezones. I am one of the NASA captains (~17:00-01:00 UTC) and I'll be leading the kickoff. We will be working on Slack and Zoom. I hope you'll be able to drop in! Details I'm an existing contributor, what should I work on? Work on triaging and closing SIG Node bugs. We have a lot of bugs!! The goal of our event is to categorize, clean up, and resolve some of the 450+ issues in k/k for SIG Node. Check out the event docs for more instructions. I'm a new contributor and want to join but I have no idea what I'm doing! At some point, that was all of us! This is a great opportunity to get involved if you've never contributed to Kubernetes. We'll have dedicated mentors available to coordinate and help out new contributors. If you've never contributed to Kubernetes before, I recommend you check out the Getting Started and Contributor Guide resources in advance of the event. You will want to ensure you've signed the contributor license agreement (CLA). Remember, you don't have to code to make valuable contributions! Triaging the bug tracker is a great example of this. See you there! Happy hacking.

Enrico Zini: Reimagining Ansible variables

This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience. While experimenting with Transilience, I've been giving some thought about Ansible variables. My gripes I like the possibility to define host and group variables, and I like to have a set of variables that are autodiscovered on the target systems. I do not like to have everything all blended in a big bucket of global variables. Let's try some more prototyping. My fiddlings First, Role classes could become dataclasses, too, and declare the variables and facts that they intend to use (typed, even!):
class Role(role.Role):
    """
    Postfix mail server configuration
    """
    # Postmaster username
    postmaster: str = None
    # Public name of the mail server
    myhostname: str = None
    # Email aliases defined on this mail server
    aliases: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
Using dataclasses.asdict() I immediately gain context variables for rendering Jinja2 templates:
class Role:
    # [...]
    def render_file(self, path: str, **kwargs):
        """
        Render a Jinja2 template from a file, using as context all Role fields,
        plus the given kwargs.
        """
        ctx = asdict(self)
        ctx.update(kwargs)
        return self.template_engine.render_file(path, ctx)
    def render_string(self, template: str, **kwargs):
        """
        Render a Jinja2 template from a string, using as context all Role fields,
        plus the given kwargs.
        """
        ctx = asdict(self)
        ctx.update(kwargs)
        return self.template_engine.render_string(template, ctx)
I can also model results from fact gathering into dataclass members:
# From ansible/module_utils/facts/system/platform.py
@dataclass
class Platform(Facts):
    """
    Facts from the platform module
    """
    ansible_system: Optional[str] = None
    ansible_kernel: Optional[str] = None
    ansible_kernel: Optional[str] = None
    ansible_kernel_version: Optional[str] = None
    ansible_machine: Optional[str] = None
    # [...]
    ansible_userspace_architecture: Optional[str] = None
    ansible_machine_id: Optional[str] = None
    def summary(self):
        return "gather platform facts"
    def run(self, system: transilience.system.System):
        super().run(system)
        # ... collect facts
I like that this way, one can explicitly declare what variables a Facts action will collect, and what variables a Role needs. At this point, I can add machinery to allow a Role to declare what Facts it needs, and automatically have the fields from the Facts class added to the Role class. Then, when facts are gathered, I can make sure that their fields get copied over to the Role classes that use them. In a way, variables become role-scoped, and Facts subclasses can be used like some kind of Role mixin, that contributes only field members:
# Postfix mail server configuration
@role.with_facts([actions.facts.Platform])
class Role(role.Role):
    # Postmaster username
    postmaster: str = None
    # Public name of the mail server
    myhostname: str = None
    # Email aliases defined on this mail server
    aliases: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
    # All fields from actions.facts.Platform are inherited here!
    def have_facts(self, facts):
        # self.ansible_domain comes from actions.facts.Platform
        self.add(builtin.command(
            argv=["certbot", "certonly", "-d", f"mail. self.ansible_domain ", "-n", "--apache"],
            creates=f"/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail. self.ansible_domain /fullchain.pem"
        ), name="obtain mail.* certificate")
        # the template context will have the Role variables, plus the variables
        # of all the Facts the Role uses
        with self.notify(ReloadPostfix):
            self.add(builtin.copy(
                dest="/etc/postfix/main.cf",
                content=self.render_file("roles/mailserver/templates/main.cf"),
            ), name="configure /etc/postfix/main.cf")
One can also fill in variables when instantiating Roles, making parameterized generic Roles possible and easy:
    runner.add_role(
            "mailserver",
            postmaster="enrico",
            myhostname="mail.enricozini.org",
            aliases= 
                "me": "enrico",
             ,
    )
Outcomes I like where this is going: having well defined variables for facts and roles, means that the variables that get into play can be explicitly defined, well known, and documented. I think this design lends itself quite well to role reuse: I have a feeling that, this way, it may be much easier to create generic libraries of Roles that one can reuse to compose complex playbooks. Since roles are just Python modules, we even already know how to package and distribute them! Next step: Playbooks, host vars, group vars.

Rapha&#235;l Hertzog: Submit your ideas for Debian and +1 those that you find important

A while ago, I got a request from Kentaro Hayashi on the project I use to manage funding requests addressed to Freexian. He was keen to see some improvements on the way reimbursement requests are handled in Debian. In my opinion, the idea is certainly good but he s not part of the treasurer team and was not willing to implement the project either, so it was not really ready to be submitted to us. To be able to fund a useful project, we need either someone that is willing to do the work and try to push it further in Debian, or we need a Debian team interested in the result of the project (and in that case, we can try to find someone willing to implement the project). In this case, it s a bit sad that the treasurer team didn t comment at all but in general, what should we do with those suggestions ? It would still be interesting to have a list of such suggestions and have Debian developers be able to advocate (+1) those suggestions. It s in this spirit that Kentaro created the Grow your ideas project on salsa.debian.org. Browse the list of issues, submit your own and click on  (+1) to bump the suggestions that you find interesting. And click on the Watch button on the homepage to receive notifications when others submit suggestions so that you can evaluate those suggestions and possibly improve them through your comments. In the end, this can only help those that are looking for ways to contribute to Debian: maybe some of them will formalize a concrete action plan and request funding for it! We have a pile of money sitting unused that s clearly targeted to pay contributors to improve our infrastructure. And we have endless lists of (wishlist) bugs on all our infrastructure projects (dak, distro-tracker, ). What are you waiting ?

Joey Hess: typed pipes in every shell

Powershell and nushell take unix piping beyond raw streams of text to structured or typed data. Is it possible to keep a traditional shell like bash and still get typed pipes? I think it is possible, and I'm now surprised noone seems to have done it yet. This is a fairly detailed design for how to do it. I've not implemented it yet. RFC. Let's start with a command called typed. You can use it in a pipeline like this:
typed foo   typed bar   typed baz
What typed does is discover the types of the commands to its left and its right, while communicating the type of the command it runs back to them. Then it checks if the types match, and runs the command, communicating the type information to it. Pipes are unidirectional, so it may seem hard to discover the type to the right, but I'll explain how it can be done in a minute. Now suppose that foo generates json, and bar filters structured data of a variety of types, and baz consumes csv and pretty-prints a table. Then bar will be informed that its input is supposed to be json, and that its output should be csv. If bar didn't support json, typed foo and typed bar would both fail with a type error. Writing "typed" in front of everything is annoying. But it can be made a shell alias like "t". It also possible to wrap programs using typed:
cat >~/bin/foo <<EOF
#/usr/bin/typed /usr/bin/foo
EOF
Or program could import a library that uses typed, so it natively supports being used in typed pipelines. I'll explain one way to make such a library later on, once some more details are clear. Which gets us back to a nice simple pipeline, now automatically typed.
foo   bar   baz
If one of the commands is not actually typed, the other ones in the pipe will treat it as having a raw stream of text as input or output. Which will sometimes result in a type error (yay, I love type errors!), but in other cases can do something useful.
find   bar   baz
# type error, bar expected json or csv
foo   bar   less
# less displays csv 
So how does typed discover the types of the commands to the left and right? That's the hard part. It has to start by finding the pids to its left and right. There is no really good way to do that, but on Linux, it can be done: Look at what /proc/self/fd/0 and /proc/self/fd/1 link to, which contains the unique identifiers of the pipes. Then look at other processes' fd/0 and fd/1 to find matching pipe identifiers. (It's also possible to do this on OSX, I believe. I don't know about BSDs.) Searching through all processes would be a bit expensive (around 15 ms with an average number of processes), but there's a nice optimisation: The shell will have started the processes close together in time, so the pids are probably nearby. So look at the previous pid, and the next pid, and fan outward. Also, check isatty to detect the beginning and end of the pipeline and avoid scanning all the processes in those cases. To indicate the type of the command it will run, typed simply opens a file with an extension of ".typed". The file can be located anywhere, and can be an already existing file, or can be created as needed (eg in /run). Once it discovers the pid at the other end of a pipe, typed first looks at /proc/$pid/cmdline to see if it's also running typed. If it is, it looks at its open file handles to find the first ".typed" file. It may need to wait for the file handle to get opened, which is why it needs to verify the pid is running typed. There also needs to be a way for typed to learn the type of the command it will run. Reading /usr/share/typed/$command.typed is one way. Or it can be specified at the command line, which is useful for wrapper scripts:
cat >~/bin/bar <<EOF
#/usr/bin/typed --type="JSON   CSV" --output-type="JSON   CSV" /usr/bin/bar
EOF
And typed communicates the type information to the command that it runs. This way a command like bar can know what format its input should be in, and what format to use as output. This might be done with environment variables, eg INPUT_TYPE=JSON and OUTPUT_TYPE=CSV I think that's everything typed needs, except for the syntax of types and how the type checking works. Which I should probably not try to think up off the cuff. I used Haskell ADT syntax in the example above, but don't think that's necessarily the right choice. Finally, here's how to make a library that lets a program natively support being used in a typed pipeline. It's a bit tricky, because it has to run typed, because typed checks /proc/$pid/cmdline as detailed above. So, check an environment variable. When not set yet, set it, and exec typed, passing it the path to the program, which it will re-exec. This should be done before program does anything else.
This work was sponsored by Mark Reidenbach on Patreon.

16 June 2021

Julien Danjou: Python Tools to Try in 2021

Python Tools to Try in 2021The Python programming language is one of the most popular and in huge demand. It is free, has a large community, is intended for the development of projects of varying complexity, is easy to learn, and opens up great opportunities for programmers. To work comfortably with it, you need special Python tools, which are able to simplify your work. We have selected the best Python tools that will be relevant in 2021.

MailtrapAs you may probably know, in order to send an email, you need SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). This is because you can't just send a letter to the recipient. It needs to be sent to the server from which the recipient will download this letter using IMAP and POP3.Mailtrap provides an opportunity to send emails in python. Moreover, Mailtrap provides #rest #api to access current emails. It can be used to automate email testing, which will improve your email marketing campaigns. For example, you can check the password recovery form in the Selenium Test and immediately see if an email was sent to the correct address. Then take a new password from the email and try to enter the site with it. Cool, isn't it?

Pros
  • All emails are in one place.
  • Mailtrap provides multiple inboxes.
  • Shared access is present.
  • It is easy to set up.
  • RESTful API

ConsNo visible disadvantages were found.

Django
Python Tools to Try in 2021
Django is a free and open-source full-stack framework. It is one of the most important and popular among Python developers. It helps you move from a prototype to a ready-made working solution in a short time since its main task is to automate processes and speed up work through associations and libraries. It s a great choice for a product launch.You can use Django if at least a few of the following points interest you:
  • There is a need to develop the server-side of the API.
  • You need to develop a web application.
  • In the course of work, many changes are made, you have to constantly deploy the application and make edits.
  • There are many complex tasks that are difficult to solve on your own, and you will need the help of the community.
  • ORM support is needed to avoid accessing the database directly.
  • There is a need to integrate new technologies such as machine learning.
Django is a great Python Web Framework that does its job. It is not for nothing that it is one of the most popular, and is actively used by millions of developers.

ProsDjango has quite a few advantages. It contains a large number of ready-made solutions, which greatly simplifies development. Admin panel, database migration, various forms, user authentication tools are extremely helpful. The structure is very clear and simple.A large community helps to solve almost any problem. Thanks to ORM, there is a high level of security and it is comfortable to work with databases.

ConsDespite its powerful capabilities, Django's Python Web Framework has drawbacks. It is very massive, monolithic, therefore it develops slowly. Despite the many generic modules, the development speed of Django itself is reduced.

CherryPy
Python Tools to Try in 2021
CherryPy is a micro-framework. It is designed to solve specific problems, capable of running the program on any operating system. CherryPy is used in the following cases:
  • To create an application with small code size.
  • There is a need to manage several servers at the same time.
  • You need to monitor the performance of applications.
CherryPy refers to Python Frameworks, which are designed for specific tasks. It's clear, user-friendly, and ideal for Android development.

ProsCherryPy Python tool has a friendly and understandable development environment. This is a functional and complete framework, which can be used to build good applications. The source code is open, so the platform is completely free for developers, and the community, although not too large, is very responsive, and always helps to solve problems.

ConsThere are not so many cons to this Python tool. It is not capable of performing complex tasks and functions, it is intended more for specific solutions, for example, for the development of certain plugins or modules.

Pyramid
Python Tools to Try in 2021
Python Pyramid tool is designed for programming complex objects and solving multifunctional problems. It is used by professional programmers and is traditionally used for identification and routing. It is aimed at a wide audience and is capable of developing API prototypes.It is used in the following cases:
  • You need problem indicator tools to make timely adjustments and edits.
  • You use several programming languages at once;
  • You work with reporting and financial calculations, forecasting;
  • You need to quickly create a simple application.
At the same time, the Python Web Framework Pyramid allows you to create complex applications with great functionality like a translation software.

ProsPyramid does an excellent job of developing basic applications quickly. It is quite flexible and easy to learn. In fact, the key to the success of this framework is that it is completely based on fundamental principles, using simple and basic programming techniques. It is minimalistic, but at the same time offers users a lot of freedom of action. It is able to work with both small applications and powerful multifunctional programs.

ConsIt is difficult to deviate from the basic principles. This Python tool makes the decision for you. Simple programs are very easy to implement. But to do something complex and large-scale, you have to completely immerse yourself in the study of the environment and obey it.

Grok
Python Tools to Try in 2021
Grok is a Python tool that works with templates. Its main task is to eliminate repetitions in the code. If the element is repeated, then the template that was already created earlier is simply applied. This greatly simplifies and speeds up the work.Grok suits developers in the following cases:
  • If a programmer has little experience and is not yet ready to develop his modules.
  • There is a need to quickly develop a simple application.
  • The functionality of the application is simple, straightforward, and the interface does not play a key role.

ProsThe Grok framework is a child of Zope3, which was released earlier. It has a simplified structure of work, easy installation of modules, more capabilities, and better flexibility. It is designed to develop small applications. Yes, it is not intended for complex work, but due to its functionality, it allows you to quickly implement a project.

ConsThe Grok community is not very large, as this Python tool has not gained widespread popularity. Nevertheless, it is used by Python adepts for comfortable development. It is impossible to implement complex tasks on it since the possibilities are quite limited.Grok is one of the best Python Web Frameworks. It is understandable and has enough features for comfortable development.

Web2Py
Python Tools to Try in 2021
Web2Py is a Python tool that has its own IDEwhich, which includes a code editor, debugger, and deployment. It works great without the need for configuration or installation, provides a high level of data security, and is suitable for work on various platforms.Web2Py is great in the following cases:
  • When there is a need to develop something on different operating systems.
  • If there is no way to install and configure the framework.
  • When a high level of data security is required, for example, when developing financial applications or sales performance management tools.
  • If you need to carefully track bugs right during development, and not during the testing phase.

ProsWeb2Py is capable of working with different protocols, has a built-in error tracker, and has a backward compatibility feature that helps to work on the basis of previous versions of the framework. This means that code maintenance becomes much easier and cheaper. It's free, open-source, and very flexible.

ConsAmong the many Python tools, there are not many that require the latest version of the language. Web2Py is one of those and won't work on Python 3 and below. Therefore, you need to constantly monitor the updates.Web2Py does an excellent job of its tasks. It is quite simple and accessible to everyone.

BlueBream
Python Tools to Try in 2021
BlueBream used to be called Zope3 before. It copes well with tasks of the medium and high level of complexity and is suitable for working on serious projects.

ProsThe BlueBream build system is quite powerful and suitable for complex tasks. You can create functional applications on it, and the principle of reuse of components makes the code easier. At the same time, the speed of development increases. The software can be scaled, and a transactional object database provides an easy path to store it. This means that queries are processed quickly and database management is simple.

ConsThis is not a very flexible framework, it is better to know clearly in advance what is required of it. In addition, it cannot withstand heavy loads. When working with 1000 users at the same time, it can crash and give errors. Therefore, it should be used to solve narrow problems.Python frameworks are often designed for specific tasks. BlueBream is one of these and is suitable for applications where database management plays a key role.

ConclusionPython tools come in different forms and have vastly different capabilities. There are quite a few of them, but in 2021 these will be the most popular and in demand. Experienced programmers always choose several development tools for their comfortable work.

Abhijith PA: Changing LCD screen of car infotainment system

I have a 2013 model used car that I bought two years ago. It came with a 7 inch touch screen infotainment system on its dash board with features like navigation, Bluetooth phone connectivity and a good FM AM radio. Except the radio I rarely use navigation or Bluetooth phone sync. After couple of months the touch started to become non-responsive. Since all important things such as call termination, mute and volume control have physical switches, I was happy with it. During a periodic car check up on a local workshop, mechanic pulled battery terminals making the infotainment system locked. Now it ask for 4 digit pass code. Its one of their ant-theft mechanism and in order to enter those digits you need a touch responsive screen. So now I am completed locked out. I visited service center of this car to get it changed, turns out they don t repair it and only change by the unit. And will cost me Rs 50,000. Considering my usage is restricted to radio. That price is way too much. So my next options were,
  1. Use a normal cheap car radio player. I dropped this plan, since stereo players comes in very small size and I might need plastic placeholders to close rest of the area from the 7 inch screen. This can mess aesthetics of dash board. And it also affect value of the car if I will sell in future.
  2. Use a 7 inch third party infotainment system available in the market. I did enquired with local car accessories shop and I dropped this plan as well because most of them are android and comes with enormous number of pre installed apps which I never gonna use it anyway. And I don t need one more device that need to be connected to the Internet. Also the wiring at the back of these devices are different than what I have already so it need rewiring.
  3. Last option was to change the infotainment system parts my own. I was under the impression that these units are in-house made, tightly assembled and sealed with screws that you never see in your life and you will never able to be open it up, let alone fix parts.
Couple of articles showed me that car infotainment system sizes and wiring at the back are actually standardized. This particular system s OEM is LG After gaining confidence from several youtube videos and articles, I chose the 3rd option and started to disassemble head unit. Luckily all those screw driver heads were with me. After taking everything apart I could see back of touch screen glass bulged and pushing against the display. The back of the display had a label with its manufacturers name Innolux display and its model number AT070TN94. You might know this company from all those raspberry pi displays in the market. Also Tesla car makers use Innolux display in their infotainment unit. I was able to spot an online reseller in Hong Kong. I only need a touch screen display but to be on the safe side I also placed order for display as well(Price difference were negligible) Took 1 month to reach at my hand due to COVID restrictions. I assembled everything together and collected radio pass code the very same day I received the item. Everything is working now. yay! The touch screen + display cost me Rs 6000/-. I can easily get an average android infotainment around this price. But it was the price I paid for avoiding e-waste. So if you have a broken head unit in your pre 2015 era car. Try to change the parts yourself. Its not complicated like our mobile phones. Back of the infotainment system inside infotainment damaged screen After reassembling with new screen Finally

15 June 2021

Rapha&#235;l Hertzog: Freexian s report about Debian Long Term Support, May 2021

A Debian LTS logo
Like each month, have a look at the work funded by Freexian s Debian LTS offering. Debian project funding In May, we again put aside 2100 EUR to fund Debian projects. There was no proposals for new projects received, thus we re looking forward to receive more projects from various Debian teams! Please do not hesitate to submit a proposal, if there is a project that could benefit from the funding! We re looking forward to receive more projects from various Debian teams! Learn more about the rationale behind this initiative in this article. Debian LTS contributors In May, 12 contributors have been paid to work on Debian LTS, their reports are available: Evolution of the situation In May we released 33 DLAs and mostly skipped our public IRC meeting and the end of the month. In June we ll have another team meeting using video as lined out on our LTS meeting page.
Also, two months ago we announced that Holger would step back from his coordinator role and today we are announcing that he is back for the time being, until a new coordinator is found.
Finally, we would like to remark once again that we are constantly looking for new contributors. Please contact Holger if you are interested! The security tracker currently lists 41 packages with a known CVE and the dla-needed.txt file has 21 packages needing an update. Thanks to our sponsors Sponsors that joined recently are in bold.

14 June 2021

Ben Hutchings: Debian LTS work, May 2021

In May I was assigned 13.5 hours of work by Freexian's Debian LTS initiative and carried over 4.5 hours from earlier months. I worked 16 hours and will carry over the remainder. I finished reviewing the futex code in the PREEMPT_RT patchset for Linux 4.9, and identified several places where it had been mis-merged with the recent futex security fixes. I sent a patch for these upstream, which was accepted and applied in v4.9.268-rt180. I have continued updating the Linux 4.9 package to later upstream stable versions, and backported some missing security fixes. I have still not made a new upload, but intend to do so this week.

Jonathan Dowland: Opinionated IkiWiki v1

It's been more than a year since I wrote about Opinionated IkiWiki, a pre-configured, containerized deployment of Ikiwiki with opinions. My intention was to make something that is easy to get up and running if you are more experienced with containers than IkiWiki. I haven't yet switched to Opinionated IkiWiki for this site, but that was my goal, and I think it's mature enough now that I can migrate over at some point, so it seems a good time to call it Version 1.0. I have been using it for my own private PIM systems for a while now. You can pull built images from quay.io, here: https://quay.io/repository/jdowland/opinionated-ikiwiki The source lives here: https://github.com/jmtd/opinionated-ikiwiki A description of some of the changes made to the IkiWiki version lives here: https://github.com/jmtd/ikiwiki/blob/opinionated-doc/README.md

Enrico Zini: Pipelining

This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience. Running actions on a server is nice, but a network round trip for each action is not very efficient. If I need to run a linear sequence of actions, I can stream them all to the server, and then read replies streamed from the server as they get executed. This technique is called pipelining and one can see it used, for example, in Redis, or Mitogen. Roles Ansible has the concept of "Roles" as a series of related tasks: I'll play with that. Here's an example role to install and setup fail2ban:
class Role(role.Role):
    def main(self):
        self.add(builtin.apt(
            name=["fail2ban"],
            state="present",
        ))
        self.add(builtin.copy(
            content=inline("""
                [postfix]
                enabled = true
                [dovecot]
                enabled = true
            """),
            dest="/etc/fail2ban/jail.local",
            owner="root",
            group="root",
            mode=0o644,
        ), name="configure fail2ban")
I prototyped roles as classes, with methods that push actions down the pipeline. If an action fails, all further actions for the same role won't executed, and will be marked as skipped. Since skipping is applied per-role, it means that I can blissfully stream actions for multiple roles to the server down the same pipe, and errors in one role will stop executing that role and not others. Potentially I can get multiple roles going with a single network round-trip:
#!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
from transilience.system import Mitogen
from transilience.runner import Runner
@Runner.cli
def main():
    system = Mitogen("my server", "ssh", hostname="server.example.org", username="root")
    runner = Runner(system)
    # Send roles to the server
    runner.add_role("general")
    runner.add_role("fail2ban")
    runner.add_role("prosody")
    # Run until all roles are done
    runner.main()
if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())
That looks like a playbook, using Python as glue rather than YAML. Decision making in roles Besides filing a series of actions, a role may need to take decisions based on the results of previous actions, or on facts discovered from the server. In that case, we need to wait until the results we need come back from the server, and then decide if we're done or if we want to send more actions down the pipe. Here's an example role that installs and configures Prosody:
from transilience import actions, role
from transilience.actions import builtin
from .handlers import RestartProsody
class Role(role.Role):
    """
    Set up prosody XMPP server
    """
    def main(self):
        self.add(actions.facts.Platform(), then=self.have_facts)
        self.add(builtin.apt(
            name=["certbot", "python-certbot-apache"],
            state="present",
        ), name="install support packages")
        self.add(builtin.apt(
            name=["prosody", "prosody-modules", "lua-sec", "lua-event", "lua-dbi-sqlite3"],
            state="present",
        ), name="install prosody packages")
    def have_facts(self, facts):
        facts = facts.facts  # Malkovich Malkovich Malkovich!
        domain = facts["domain"]
        ctx =  
            "ansible_domain": domain
         
        self.add(builtin.command(
            argv=["certbot", "certonly", "-d", f"chat. domain ", "-n", "--apache"],
            creates=f"/etc/letsencrypt/live/chat. domain /fullchain.pem"
        ), name="obtain chat certificate")
        with self.notify(RestartProsody):
            self.add(builtin.copy(
                content=self.template_engine.render_file("roles/prosody/templates/prosody.cfg.lua", ctx),
                dest="/etc/prosody/prosody.cfg.lua",
            ), name="write prosody configuration")
            self.add(builtin.copy(
                src="roles/prosody/templates/firewall-ruleset.pfw",
                dest="/etc/prosody/firewall-ruleset.pfw",
            ), name="write prosody firewall")
    # ...
This files some general actions down the pipe, with a hook that says: when the results of this action come back, run self.have_facts(). At that point, the role can use the results to build certbot command lines, render prosody's configuration from Jinja2 templates, and use the results to file further action down the pipe. Note that this way, while the server is potentially still busy installing prosody, we're already streaming prosody's configuration to it. If anything goes wrong with the installation of prosody's package, the role will be marked as failed and all further actions of the same role, even those filed by have_facts() will be skipped. Notify and handlers In the previous example self.notify() also appears: that's my attempt to model the equivalent of Ansible's handlers. If any of the actions inside the with produce changes, then the RestartProsody role will be executed, potentially filing more actions ad the end of the playbook. The runner will take care of collecting all the triggered role classes in a set, which discards duplicates, and then running the main() method of all resulting roles, which will cause more actions to be filed down the pipe. Action conditions Sometimes some actions are only meaningful as consequences of other actions. Let's take, for example, enabling buster-backports as an extra apt source:
        a = self.add(builtin.copy(
            owner="root",
            group="root",
            mode=0o644,
            dest="/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-buster-backports.list",
            content="deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.gandi.net/debian/ buster-backports main contrib",
        ), name="enable backports")
        self.add(builtin.apt(
            update_cache=True
        ), name="update after enabling backports",
           # Run only if the previous copy changed anything
           when= a: ResultState.CHANGED ,
        )
Here we want to update Apt's cache, which is a slow operation, only after we actually write /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-buster-backports.list. If the file was already there from a previous run, we can skip downloading the new package lists. The when= attributes adds an annotation to the action that is sent town the pipeline, that says that it should only be run if the state of a previous action matches the given one. In this case, when on the remote it's the turn of "update after enabling backports", it gets skipped unless the state of the previous "enable backports" action is CHANGED. Effects of pipelining I ported enough of Ansible's modules to be able to run the provisioning scripts of my VPS entirely via ansible. This is the playbook run as plain Ansible:
$ time ansible-playbook vps.yaml
[...]
servername       : ok=55   changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
real    2m10.072s
user    0m33.149s
sys 0m10.379s
This is the same playbook run with Ansible speeded up via the Mitogen backend, which makes Ansible more bearable:
$ export ANSIBLE_STRATEGY=mitogen_linear
$ time ansible-playbook vps.yaml
[...]
servername       : ok=55   changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
real    0m24.428s
user    0m8.479s
sys 0m1.894s
This is the same playbook ported to Transilience:
$ time ./provision
[...]
real    0m2.585s
user    0m0.659s
sys 0m0.034s
Doing nothing went from 2 minutes down to 3 seconds! That's the kind of running time that finally makes me comfortable with maintaining my VPS by editing the playbook only, and never logging in to mess with the system configuration by hand! Next steps I'm quite happy with what I have: I can now maintain my VPS with a simple script with quick iterative cycles. I might use it to develop new playbooks, and port them to ansible only when they're tested and need to be shared with infrastructure that needs to rely on something more solid and battle tested than a prototype provisioning system. I might also keep working on it as I have more interesting ideas that I'd like to try. I feel like Ansible reached some architectural limits that are hard to overcome without a major redesign, and are in many way hardcoded in its playbook configuration. It's nice to be able to try out new designs without that baggage. I'd love it if even just the library of Transilience actions could grow, and gain widespread use. Ansible modules standardized a set of management operations, that I think became the way people think about system management, and should really be broadly available outside of Ansible. If you are interesting in playing with Transilience, such as: do get in touch or send a pull request! :) Next step: Reimagining Ansible variables.

Enrico Zini: My gripes with Ansible

This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience. Musing about Ansible I like infrastructure as code. I like to be able to represent an entire system as text files in a git repositories, and to be able to use that to recreate the system, from my Virtual Private Server, to my print server and my stereo, to build machines, to other kind of systems I might end up setting up. I like that the provisioning work I do on a machine can be self-documenting and replicable at will. The good For that I quite like Ansible, in principle: simple (in theory) YAML files describe a system in (reasonably) high-level steps, and it can be run on (almost) any machine that happens to have a simple Python interpreter installed. I also like many of the modules provided with Ansible: they are convenient, platform-independent implementations of common provisioning steps. They'd be fantastic to have in a library that I could use in normal programs. The bad Unfortunately, Ansible is slow. Running the playbook on my VPS takes about 3 whole minutes even if I'm just changing a line in a configuration file. This means that most of the time, instead of changing that line in the playbook and running it, to then figure out after 3 minutes that it was the wrong line, or I made a spelling mistake in the playbook, I end up logging into the server and editing in place. That defeats the whole purpose, but that level of latency between iterations is just unacceptable to me. The ugly I also think that Ansible has outgrown its original design, and the supposedly declarative, idempotent YAML has become a full declarative scripting language in disguise, whose syntax is extremely awkward and verbose. If I'm writing declarative descriptions, YAML is great. If I'm writing loops and conditionals, I want to write code, not templated YAML. I also keep struggling trying to use Ansible to provision chroots and nspawn containers. A personal experiment: Transilience There's another thing I like in Ansible: it's written in Python, which is a language I'm comfortable with. Compared to other platforms, it's one that I'm more likely to be able to control beyond being a simple user. What if I can port Ansible modules into a library of high-level provisioning functions, that I can just run via normal Python scripts? What if I can find a way to execute those scripts remotely and not just locally? I've started writing some prototype code, and the biggest problem is, of course, finding a name. Ansible comes from Ursula K. Le Guin's Hainish Cycle novels, where it is a device that allows its users to communicate near-instantaneously over interstellar distances. Traveling, however, is still constrained by the speed of light. Later in the same universe, the novels A Fisherman of the Inland Sea and The Shobies' Story, talk about experiments with instantaneous interstellar travel, as a science Ursula Le Guin called transilience:
Transilience: n. A leap across or from one thing to another [1913 Webster]
Transilience. I like everything about this name. Now that the hardest problem is solved, the rest is just a simple matter of implementation details.

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