Search Results: "tar"

30 December 2020

Russ Allbery: Review: The House in the Cerulean Sea

Review: The House in the Cerulean Sea, by TJ Klune

Publisher:	Tor
Copyright:	March 2020
ISBN:	1-250-21732-6
Format:	Kindle
Pages:	398

Linus Baker is a case worker for the Department in Charge of Magical Youth. His job is to evaluate the orphanages to which children with magical powers are sent and ensure those children are treated properly. This must be done properly, with professional care and detachment and careful documentation so that his superiors can make the correct choices. Linus has no ambition or desire to be anything other than a case worker. He does his job meticulously by the book, namely the DICOMY Rules and Regulations, which he studies religiously. Linus is therefore caught entirely by surprise when he is summoned without explanation to the offices of Extremely Upper Management on the intimidating 5th floor. That summons turns out to be a new assignment for which Extremely Upper Management believes Linus to be ideal: an orphanage on an island far from the city, home to some highly unusual (and, in one case, disturbing) children and a headmaster who is as odd as his charges. Management is correct about Linus up to a point. He is a bureaucrat and a stickler for rules. However, Extremely Upper Management did not account for the possibility that Linus does the work that he does because he cares deeply about children, or that, if the two come into conflict, the children might matter more than the rules. The House in the Cerulean Sea is the sort of book that tells you exactly what it's doing, assures you that you'll enjoy it anyway, and then you actually do. The plot developments are obvious well in advance, the tugs on the heart-strings are telegraphed and obvious, and there are very few surprises. But the story is told with such charm and feeling that I at least didn't mind at all, and indeed would have been furious at the author if he hadn't delivered the expected ending. This is not the book to read if you want to delve deep into the implications of the world-building. It follows children's book logic in several important places: intentions matter more than institutional structure, sincerity is persuasive, and courage is rewarded. A few reviews compare it to Nineteen Eighty-Four, but this is wildly misleading beyond a few trappings of the setting. The internal logic of the book is closer to a cross between Good Omens and Dr. Seuss. It's a "good people are rewarded" sort of book and wears that on its sleeve. One of the things that Klune does extremely well is subtlety of characterization despite the relative lack of subtlety in the plot. Linus starts the book as a caricature whose life is nearly a blank canvas, and by the end of the book he feels like someone you know. Klune pulls this off less by filling in the canvas than by making careful use of all that negative space to put emotional weight and depth behind a few telling details like Linus's pyjamas, records, and cat. He also does an exceptional job with the mannerisms and habits of speech of both Linus and the headmaster of the orphanage. To say much more would be a spoiler; suffice it to say that Klune captures an interaction style that I have rarely seen in novels and certainly not in a fantasy novel of this type, and does it so well that I was strongly reminded of people I've known. Anyone who knows me is unlikely to be surprised that my favorite character in the book is Zoe, the sarcastic and fiercely protective sprite who owns the island on which the orphanage is located, but almost all of the characters are wonderful. One or two of the children are a bit one-note, but the group dynamics make up for that, and the suspicious, thoughtful, and respectful interplay between the three adults is beautifully done. My only real complaints on the characterization front are that some of the confrontations in the nearby village felt a bit strained, and I think Helen got short shrift and could have been fleshed out some more. I will say that the motives of the villains never made much sense, but they didn't have to; they're essentially monsters in Linus's story, and they do enough to serve that purpose. I now want to read the story of how Zoe and the headmaster met, although I'm not sure Klune is the right person to write it, and I'm not sure he left enough emotional space for another novel. Sometimes I want to read a positive, hopeful book in which people learn and grow and good things happen to good people, one where the author is unapologetically manipulating my emotions and I don't care because I want these people to be happy. If you feel the same way, I cannot recommend this book highly enough. It's lovely. Rating: 9 out of 10

29 December 2020

Bastian Venthur: Creating Beautiful Github Streaks

Creating Beautiful Github Streaks Github streaks are a pretty fun and harmless way of visualizing your contributions on github or gitlab. Some people use them to brag a little, some companies use them to check out potential candidates. It s all good as long as everyone is aware how easily you can manipulate them. In order to fake a commit date in the past, you have to set the GIT_AUTHOR_DATE and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables on

git
commit

both, RFC 2822 and ISO 8601 formats are accepted (for more info see here). When generating hundreds of commits, the --allow-empty flag is very useful, as we don t have to actually change the source tree in order to generate a commit. So the command to generate a fake commit looks like this:

GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="$TIMESTAMP" GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="$TIMESTAMP" git commit --allow-empty -m "$TIMESTAMP"

execute it on an empty git repository and push to github or gitlab and you ll se the result after some time. To automate this, I wrote me a little python script (github, pypi). You can simply install it via:

pip install python-streak

and run it with:

streak

in an empty git repository. By default, streak will create 3 commits per day with a probability of ~71% per commit for 100 years, starting from 1980-05-09. These parameters can be tuned with:

--start START: Beginning of the commits (Format: YYYY-MM-DD)
--end END: End of the commits (Format: YYYY-MM-DD)
--max MAX: Maximum number of commits per day.
--proba PROBA: Probability for a commit to happen.

Generating a few commits per day for the range of 10 years, took roughly 2 minutes on my computer, and man was I a busy beaver in the 80s! Streak 1989

I know, I m for sure not the first one to discover this kind of thing, but it was a fun afternoon project anyways!

Bastian Venthur: Creating Beautiful Github Streaks

git
commit

GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="$TIMESTAMP" GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="$TIMESTAMP" git commit --allow-empty -m "$TIMESTAMP"

pip install python-streak

and run it with:

streak

in an empty git repository. By default, streak will create 3 commits per day with a probability of ~71% per commit for 100 years, starting from 1980-05-09. These parameters can be tuned with:

--start START: Beginning of the commits (Format: YYYY-MM-DD)
--end END: End of the commits (Format: YYYY-MM-DD)
--max MAX: Maximum number of commits per day.
--proba PROBA: Probability for a commit to happen.

Generating a few commits per day for the range of 10 years, took roughly 2 minutes on my computer, and man was I a busy beaver in the 80s! Streak 1989

I know, I m for sure not the first one to discover this kind of thing, but it was a fun afternoon project anyways!

Shirish Agarwal: Inequality in Indian Education

Farmer on-going protests Before I start with the education system in India which I have talked about many times in the past, first let me share couple of pieces about the farmer movement which is still at Sanghu Delhi border.

The above picture became somewhat viral as it showed Manjeet Kaur, who drove down from Patiala, Punjab to Sanghu border along with her friends to take part in the on-going protests. The picture not only shares how the women are part and parcel of this protest but also they are independently taking part in the protest. The other were two articles I read today, first was an article in tribune which questions that if the policy worked, why it didn t work in the state of Bihar. The other by a young law student who had to go from Chandigarh to Delhi with family for some work and her experience with the ongoing protest. In fact, an interesting observation was made by the CJI in the many suits against farmer protests in the SC. This makes for much more interesting read when you see an RTI query filed by Saket Gokhale to NHAI , a Central Govt. agency which is supposed to be independent and asks if they had filed an FIR and asked compensation from Haryana State and Haryana State Police which had dug up National Highway 44 and if any permission was asked for the same from NHAI. And NHAI unable to take any action for the same. If this isn t shameful, I dunno what is

Sadly, the way the response has been worded makes it impossible for NHAI to discharge its own responsibilities and this becomes a precedent for other states now that know that NHAI is vulnerable. A pretty sad turn on events. Indian Education can t go online There was a recent article on scroll which shared how Indian education can t go online as only a few have computers with decent netlink speeds as well as other factors which are needed for online education. But there are also many things that the article doesn t take into account which actually make the task more difficult and raise the boundary more. Now in most schools and colleges, the number of students to teacher ratio could be anywhere between 70-150 or even more. In the last few years, a lot of schools have been closed down by various Governments, including and not limited to the ruling Govt. They have in fact intensified closures of public schools wherever their Govt. has been in power. Closing to 5000+ schools in one state in a year is a dramatic shift and such has been happening time and again. In fact, the rising costs of Indian education has made many to leave Indian shores and do studies abroad. And once they do their masters or whatever, the chances of them coming back to India become more and more remote. In India the costs have been becoming so bad that NBFC s have started products targeting the same. How NBFC and Banks have (both public and private) have fared with respect to Indian consumers needs its own blog post but one word to describe it is bad . But as shared above, needs its own blog post. Coming to the Indian context though, what has not been captured in that article is that the responsibility of making new content also raises huge barriers for teachers. My own experience in teacher s trainings for ICT usage has shown that most teachers do not know and use internet effectively both to sustain their own curiosity as well as their students. Part of which is whether you are private employee or a public school teacher, the teacher is not paid enough. I have had multiple conversations with friends over the years who are teachers who shared that they get 50% salary in-hand while they sign for 100%. This is more in the case or private schools though. In Govt. schools, the teachers apart from their regular administrative duties apart from teaching duties are also unpaid labor for Govt. policy. Take the recent covid crisis, it was the teachers who for months together went from door-to-door asking if they had a covid patient. This was all over India. Even for voter registration, census, polio and various other immunization efforts, the teachers are roped in. So apart from that, they somehow have to figure out how to make ends meet and also boost student morale. Hence the attention is only limited to the first couple of benches rather than the whole as a 45-minute to an hr. session is just not enough to go through a class of 70-150 school students giving individual attention. And this is when for most teachers, teaching is a means to an end and not the end itself. I am going to take one example of science and sort of break-it-down in multiple steps and how I would have approached that topic for say the 5th-6th standard students in say a public school in Pune and especially if Covid would not have been an issue so you have face-to-face meetup. There was recent news about a mysterious radio signal which came from one of our closest galactic neighbors Proxima Centauri. Now let s say there was a class I was teaching/sharing which I had shared before and there already is trust formed. So before coming to the news, I would tell the students about frequency and more generally the notation of why we like to measure things and how we measure things. There is so much beautiful history which could be acted and enacted which can show and remains in mind why measurement is needed. Once that is understood, discussed and an underpinning is established, we could move to human perception or the lack of it. We know that humans have lots of limits in almost everything, whether it is talking, touching, hearing, all of our five senses are pretty limited with what we know of spectrum available in the immediate family kingdom as well as in the Universe. I would start with how far can a person throw his voice and be heard without using any other means. There does come a point where they need to use anything from a megaphone to a loudspeaker and what it actually does. The other thing I would then talk is about the radio and ask the students to find more about the internals of a radio. If possible to bring an old radio to school where it could be disassembled. After they are familiar with some names of the electronic components and what they do, take them to the electronics market where they try to source all the things needed to make a radio and whatever they encounter. This would allow the students to try and do bargain shopping as well as learn from where to source things. Some might even get a copy or two of electronic projects where the shop themselves sell blueprints to hobbyists so that they can tinker. If there is a place in the school where soldering can be done, then all can try and sooner or later we come to know if something works or not. There is also possibility of talking about noise cancellation and then the topic of ITU can also be bought up and how they do frequency allocation. Last but not the least then the topic can be approached about an alien civilization and an unknown radio signal and what it means and what it can mean. Now if just one topic can give such a wide range of things to do and develop an understanding about not the subject itself but surrounding subjects as well I see no reason why teachers can t do this except they are handcuffed to lot of policy as well as real-life constraints. For e.g. I remember in my school days, we used to go out once or twice a year and that used to be either a school picnic or something similar. The only other I know is going to Mumbai for Nehru planetarium and Nehru science Centre. Unfortunately, I didn t go at that time because the school was taking students via air and the tickets were super costly at the time and that too for a 10 minute journey between the two cities. Those were different days, today you can t have a direct flight between the two cities as it doesn t make an economic sense. It makes more sense to go to Mumbai via train or bus as you will reach Mumbai in about couple of hrs. Of course, Pune does have its own planetarium at New English school and there are a few amateur astronomy clubs in Pune but nothing on the scale that what Mumbai has, but then this is getting off-topic. Now, again in an online world could this be done? Not without both the teacher and the student both spending lot of resources online and even then will be a lower understanding as both the hands-on experience as well as interacting with other students and learning from other students (aping) would be hugely limited. Even the social skills that students develop in a school setting will be rusted. My own social skills probably have weakened and rusted as I have very limited interaction with people over the past few months due to Covid fears and would be at least for the next few years till a large enough population is not vaccinated.

28 December 2020

Guido G nther: phosh overview

phosh is graphical shell for mobile, touch based devices like smart phones. It's the default graphical shell on Purism's Librem 5 (and that's where it came to life) but projects like postmarketOS, Mobian and Debian have picked it up putting it into use on other devices as well and contributing patches. This post is meant as a short overview how things are tied together so further posts can provide more details. A PHone SHell As mobile shell phosh provides the interface components commonly found on mobile devices to phosh's overview 2

launch applications
switch between running applications and close them
lock and unlock the screen
display status information (e.g. network connectivity, battery level)
provide quick access to things like torch or Bluetooth
show notifications

It uses GObject object system and GTK to build up the user interface components. Mobile specific patterns are brought in via libhandy. Since phosh is meant to blend into GNOME as seamlessly as possible it uses the common interfaces present there via D-Bus like org.gnome.Screensaver or org.gnome.keyring.SystemPrompter and retrieves user configuration like keybindings via GSettings from preexisting schema. The components of a running graphical session roughly look like this: phosh session

The blue boxes are the very same found on GNOME desktop sessions while the white ones are currently only found on phones. feedbackd is explained quickly: It's used for providing haptic or visual user feedback and makes your phone rumble and blink when applications (or the shell) want to notify the user about certain events like incoming phone calls or new messages. What about phoc and squeekboard? phoc and squeekboard Although some stacks combine the graphical shell with the display server (the component responsible for drawing applications and handling user input) this isn't the case for phosh. phosh relies on a Wayland compositor to be present for that. Keeping shell and compositor apart has some advantages like being able to restart the shell without affecting other applications but also adds the need for some additional communication between compositor and shell. This additional communication is implemented via Wayland protocols. The Wayland compositor used with phosh is called phoc for PHone Compositor. One of these additional protocols is wlr-layer-shell. It allows the shell to reserve space on the screen that is not used by other applications and allows it to draw things like the top and bottom bar or lock screen. Other protocols used by phosh (and hence implemented by phoc) are wlr-output-management to get information on and control properties of monitors or wlr-foreign-toplevel-management to get information about other windows on the display. The later is used to allow to switch between running applications. However these (and other) Wayland protocols are not implemented in phoc from scratch. phoc leverages the wlroots library for that. The library also handles many other compositor parts like interacting with the video and input hardware. The details on how phoc actually puts things up on the screen deserves a separate post. For the moment it's sufficient to note that phosh requires a Wayland compositor like phoc. We've not talked about entering text without a physical keyboard yet - phosh itself does not handle that either. squeekboard is the on screen keyboard for text (and emoji) input. It again uses Wayland protocols to talk to the Wayland compositor and it's (like phosh) a component that wants exclusive access to some areas of the screen (where the keyboard is drawn) and hence leverages the layer-shell protocol. Very roughly speaking it turns touch input in that area into text and sends that back to the compositor that then passes it back to the application that currently gets the text input. squeekboard's main author dcz has some more details here. The session So how does the graphical session in the picture above come into existence? As this is meant to be close to a regular GNOME session it's done via gnome-session that is invoked somewhat like:

phoc -E 'gnome-session --session=phosh'

So the compositor phoc is started up, launches gnome-session which then looks at phosh.session for the session's components. These are phosh, squeekboard and gnome-settings-daemon. These then either connect to already running services via D-Bus (e.g. NetworkManager, ModemManager, ...) or spawn them via D-Bus activation when required (e.g. feedbackd). Calling conventions So when talking about phosh it's good to keep several things apart:

phosh - the graphical shell
phoc - the compositor
squeekboard - the on screen keyboard
phosh.session: The session that ties these and GNOME together

On top of that people sometimes refer to 'Phosh' as the software collection consisting of the above plus more components from GNOME (Settings, Contacs, Clocks, Weather, Evince, ...) and components that currently aren't part of GNOME but adapt to small screen sizes, use the same technologies and are needed to make a phone fun to use e.g. Geary for email, Calls for making phone calls and Chats for SMS handling. Since just overloading the term Phosh is confusing GNOME/Phosh Mobile Environment or Phosh Mobile Environment have been used to describe the above collection of software and I've contacted GNOME on how to name this properly, to not infringe on the GNOME trademark but also give proper credit and hopefully being able to move things upstream that can live upstream. That's it for a start. phosh's development documentation can be browsed here but is also available in the source code. Besides the projects mentioned above credits go to Purism for allowing me and others to work on the above and other parts related to moving Free Software on mobile Linux forward.

Emmanuel Kasper: Quick NetBSD serial console install on libvirt

I wanted to set up a small VM with NetBSD to test a couple of virt-install option. It turns out it you can get to the installer prompt quite fast. get the NetBSD installer for serial console:

wget https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.1/i386/installation/cdrom/boot-com.iso

start the install

$ virt-install \
--connect qemu:///session \
--name netbsd \
--ram 64 \
--vcpus 2 \
--disk path=$HOME/netbsd.qcow2,size=4,bus=scsi,format=qcow2 \
--controller type=scsi,model=virtio-scsi \
--cdrom=boot-com.iso \
--virt-type kvm \
--os-variant netbsd8.0 \
--graphics none \
--arch i686 \
--console pty,target_type=serial

This will start a VM in usermode networking, so no need to be root, but the VM won t be reachable from the outside world, except if you add qemu usermode port forwarding.

Daniel Lange: No CCC Congress this year but rc3 online

The virtual version of the annual CCC Congress is underway and feels like a huge playground. Things are bumpy but the participants are still having fun. Of course, we have IRC as a save heaven. That always works. The virtual world (which is the only thing the sold out tickets are needed for) is really fun. It feels like debugging a DOS game in the 80/90s. Not much works but it is engaging enough to keep poking at things.

The data formats are 2020 though, the main "lobby map" is a 3 MB json file:

  "compressionlevel":-1,
 "editorsettings":
     
     "export":
         
         "format":"json",
         "target":"main.json"
         
     ,
 "height":80,
 "infinite":false,
 "layers":[
         
         "data":[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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         "height":80,
         "id":2,
         "name":"start",
         "opacity":1,
         "type":"tilelayer",
         "visible":true,
         "width":80,
         "x":0,
         "y":0
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...

People that hand-optimized RLEs to fit games on floppies cry a little. Anyways, the streams are free (as in public), so please check https://streaming.media.ccc.de/ and the schedule at https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/rc3/2020/Fahrplan/ for some great content to watch live or add to your play list.

Daniel Lange: No CCC Congress this year but rC3 online

The data formats are 2020 though, the main "lobby map" is a 3 MB json file:

  "compressionlevel":-1,
 "editorsettings":
     
     "export":
         
         "format":"json",
         "target":"main.json"
         
     ,
 "height":80,
 "infinite":false,
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People that hand-optimized RLEs to fit games on floppies cry a little. The streams are free (as in public), so please check https://streaming.media.ccc.de/ and the schedule at https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/rc3/2020/Fahrplan/ for some great content to watch live or add to your play list.

Russ Allbery: Review: Your Day, Your Way

Review: Your Day, Your Way, by Timothy Caulfield

Publisher:	Running Press
Copyright:	December 2020
ISBN:	0-7624-7248-0
Format:	Kindle
Pages:	236

In case you're wondering why I would pick up a self-help book with such an uninspiring title, it's because this book was originally published in Canada with the title Relax, Damnit! Why Caulfield's US publishers would have changed that title is beyond me. Canada clearly got the better end of this deal. (I'm hoping it's not because they thought "damn" would scare someone off, but it probably is.) The topic of this book is a scientific take on all the little decisions that you may worry about throughout the day: whether to eat breakfast, how much water to drink, whether public toilet seats are risky, whether to weigh yourself, how important flossing is, and much more. Caulfield is a law professor at the University of Alberta specializing in health law and scientific ethics, but the hat he's wearing when writing this book is that of professional skeptic. I found out about this book through Dr. Jen Gunter, a connection that you won't find surprising when I mention that one of Caulfield's earlier books is titled Is Gwyneth Paltrow Wrong About Everything?. (Spoiler: yes.) Caulfield chose to organize this collection of random essays around the timeline of a single day, starting with waking up (how long should you sleep?) and morning routines (what do scientific studies say about brushing your teeth?), going through a work day (there's a chapter on multitasking and why you really shouldn't do it), and concluding with dinner (no, you can't taste the difference between most wines even if you think you can), evening routines, and sleep. This worked for me. It's still a bit arbitrary, but it's hard to organize random bits of skepticism, and this layout let Caulfield make a point about how frequently most people check their phones. (Stop doomscrolling. It makes you feel bad. Yes, I'm talking to myself.) I've now read several books, and considerably more essays, on scientific skepticism of this type. They're all a bit the same, and unless you enjoy this general genre of writing, there aren't many compelling reasons to read this specific entry. (Ben Goldacre's Bad Science is still my favorite.) I think the only tidbit that I found surprising and hadn't heard elsewhere is that the science on flossing is meh at best. The rest is the standard mix of mainstream scientific advice (don't drink raw milk, you're not going to catch something from a public toilet seat, multivitamins just give you expensive urine), advice that's scientifically correct but that I'm still not going to follow (there's no scientific reason to wash your hair daily but I still prefer how it feels), and advice to not worry about things with no evidence on either side (it doesn't matter whether you eat breakfast, ten thousand steps is a marketing gimmick, drink water when you're thirsty and don't worry about how much). Caulfield does have a particularly good debunking of the myth that angry ranting helps you calm down and feel better (it does the exact opposite), but if you're reasonably well-read on scientific trivia, nothing here will be that novel. If you don't follow scientific trivia and want a good collection of debunking essays, this book is fine. I certainly won't discourage you from reading it. Caulfield is engaging and succinct, and there's a balanced mix of odd trivia, debunking of pseudoscience, and good public health advice, all comfortably in line with what I've read elsewhere. That said, I found it striking to read this book shortly after Can't Even. I was hoping that Caulfield would tackle the larger problem of anxiety and overload that is in part created by the proliferation of arbitrary standards and rules to which we hold ourselves. He does tackle some related topics, such as our bizarre belief in the US (and apparently Canada) that it is unsafe to let children walk to school without adult supervision, but Caulfield's solutions are nearly all individual. He wants to inform the reader, he wants to show you how to analyze scientific research and notice when news articles are scaring you unnecessarily, and he wants you to become more immune to fear-mongering. Petersen's salient point in Can't Even is that many of us are burned out already and this is even more work. In order to avoid being gratuitously frightened and deceived by con artists and sensational news stories, we have to run a mental checklist of evidence evaluation and go do independent research. Sure, this works, makes you better at risk analysis, and may thus make you feel calmer, but this takes a lot of time and energy. Wasn't a point of having the news media that other people would do some of that work for you? Once again, everything that's wrong with the world becomes another chore or energy expenditure that we all have to independently make. I know, it's asking too much of a harmless book on the scientific evidence behind daily life decisions to make a political point about individual versus collective effort. But it's hard to shake the feeling that asking individuals to try harder to ignore intentionally deceptive and well-funded propaganda campaigns doesn't scale. Not everyone enjoys skepticism as a hobby, and there's only so much individual energy to go around. Relax, Damnit! is good advice as far as it goes. But I'm more in the mood for the books that look at who is making us so anxious in the first place and how we can (collectively) get them to stop. I don't know what that looks like (there are obvious free speech concerns), but we need reliable sources of information that don't make us anxious. Rating: 6 out of 10

27 December 2020

John Goerzen: See The World Through the Eyes of a Child, and You Are Free

Because we see things so often, we see them less and less. Those who live in thanksgiving daily, however, have a way of opening their eyes and seeing the wonders and beauties of this world as though seeing them for the first time. Joseph Wirthlin

Today is about dirt. I had to learn about it, again, from my 2-year-old last week. She and I were playing outside something we have more time to do right now. She started to roll around in the grass, and asked me to play in the grass, too. As I got close to the ground, I inhaled the wonderfully sweet and earthy scent of spring soil. I hadn t smelled that in a long time. What an unexpected gift. This photo is of a child, having a fantastic time with dirt and water. The more bits of Kansas he had on him, the more shrieks of laughter I heard. It think most adults keep forgetting the joys of simple things like dirt. I am lucky to have children around to remind me. This week, I also had the opportunity to teach my 2-year-old the joys of making big splashes in mud puddles, so maybe I can also remind them on occasion.

See the world as if for the first time; see it through the eyes of a child, and you will suddenly find that you are free. Deepak Chopra

Rural Kansas, 2016 (I originally wrote this on March 31, and am sharing it on my blog for the first time today.)

Russ Allbery: Review: King of the Murgos

Review: King of the Murgos, by David Eddings

Series:	The Malloreon #2
Publisher:	Del Rey
Copyright:	April 1988
Printing:	November 1991
ISBN:	0-345-35880-5
Format:	Mass market
Pages:	403

This is the second book of the Malloreon, which in turn is a sequel trilogy to The Belgariad. You could start here, since Eddings does a good job at summarizing previous volumes, but I'm not sure why you'd want to. This is the sort of book that gives epic fantasy series a bad name. After a lot of action in Guardians of the West, our band of heroes has been mostly assembled. They set out after the villain through the novel strategy of exploring the parts of the world map we have not yet seen. By the end of 400 pages of traveling they... are on the trail of the villain while exploring parts of the world map we have not yet seen. What I'm saying is that you'd better be really enjoying Silk's nose twitching and Belgarath being grumpy at Polgara, because that's about all you get. The protagonists collect a few important plot coupons and set up some emotional conflicts whose resolutions are already telegraphed, and that's about it. After wasting a bunch of time getting to and wandering around Nyissa, all of which felt pointless except for one moment of Errand doing something nifty (often the best parts of this series), the band of heroes ventures into enemy territory as foreshadowed by the title. The structure of Eddings's series is basically Suikoden (collect all the protagonists), so as one might expect the point of this excursion is to pick up another protagonist. In the process, we get to see a bit more of the Murgos than we have before. I've commented before that Eddings takes racial essentialism to such an absurd degree that these books start feeling like animal fairy tales, which is why I'm willing to tolerate all of the stereotyping. It's Planet of Hats except with fantasy countries. That tolerance is stretched rather thin when it comes to the bad guys, since the congruence with real-life racism and dehumanization of enemies is a bit too strong. Eddings dodges this mostly by not putting many of the bad guys in the page, but in King of the Murgos he has a golden opportunity to undercut his racial structure and surprise the reader. What if one of the Murgos is a protagonist and is vital to the series plot? I won't spoil what Eddings actually does, but if you imagine the stupidest and most obvious way to avoid having to acknowledge his fantasy races are not uniform, you probably just guessed the big reveal in this book. It's sadly not surprising, since Eddings is all in on his racial construction of this fantasy world, but it's still disgusting. The main reason why I decided to re-read this series, which is notorious for being a re-run of the Belgariad, is because I think what Eddings does here with prophecy, the voice in Garion's head, and the meddling of the seers is hilarious. The plot is openly on rails to the point that the characters actively grumble about it. I find that oddly entertaining, a bit like watching a Twitch streamer play an RPG. In this installment, Errand does something random in the middle of a Murgo temple, Garion gets a level-up chime, the prophecy gets very smug about how well things are going, and no one knows why. It's an absolute delight, and I don't know of any other series that isn't pure parody that would be willing to use that as a plot element. Sadly, King of the Murgos has only one or two enjoyable moments like that, a whole lot of frankly boring map exploration, some truly egregious racist claptrap, and no plot development worth speaking of. I probably should have skipped this one when re-reading this series. Followed by Demon Lord of Karanda. Rating: 4 out of 10

John Goerzen: Asynchronous Email: Exim over NNCP (or UUCP)

Following up to yesterday s article about how NNCP rehabilitates asynchronous communication with modern encryption and onion routing, here is the first of my posts showing how to put it into action. Email is a natural fit for async; in fact, much of early email was carried by UUCP. It is useful for an airgapped machine to be able to send back messages; errors from cron, results of handling incoming data, disk space alerts, etc. (Of course, this would apply to a non-airgapped machine also). The NNCP documentation already describes how to do this for Postfix. Here I will show how to do it for Exim. A quick detour to UUCP land When you encounter a system such as email that has instructions for doing something via UUCP, that should be an alert to you that here is some very relevant information for doing this same thing via NNCP. The syntax is different, but broadly, here s a table of similar NNCP commands:

Purpose	UUCP	NNCP
Connect to remote system	uucico -s, uupoll	nncp-call, nncp-caller
Receive connection (pipe, daemon, etc)	uucico (-l or similar)	nncp-daemon
Request remote execution, stdin piped in	uux	nncp-exec
Copy file to remote machine	uucp	nncp-file
Copy file from remote machine	uucp	nncp-freq
Process received requests	uuxqt	nncp-toss
Move outbound requests to dir (for USB stick, airgap, etc)	N/A	nncp-xfer
Create streaming package of outbound requests	N/A	nncp-bundle

If you used UUCP back in the day, you surely remember bang paths. I will not be using those here. NNCP handles routing itself, rather than making the MTA be aware of the network topology, so this simplifies things considerably. Sending from Exim to a smarthost One common use for async email is from a satellite system: one that doesn t receive mail, or have local mailboxes, but just needs to get email out to the Internet. This is a common situation even for conventionally-connected systems; in Exim speak, this is a satellite system that routes mail via a smarthost. That is, every outbound message goes to a specific target, which then is responsible for eventual delivery (over the Internet, LAN, whatever). This is fairly simple in Exim. We actually have two choices for how to do this: bsmtp or rmail mode. bsmtp (batch SMTP) is the more modern way, and is essentially a derivative of SMTP that explicitly can be queued asynchronously. Basically it s a set of SMTP commands that can be saved in a file. The alternative is rmail (which is just an alias for sendmail these days), where the data is piped to rmail/sendmail with the recipients given on the command line. Both can work with Exim and NNCP, but because we re doing shiny new things, we ll use bsmtp. These instructions are loosely based on the Using outgoing BSMTP with Exim HOWTO. Some of these may assume Debianness in the configuration, but should be easily enough extrapolated to other configs as well. First, configure Exim to use satellite mode with minimal DNS lookups (assuming that you may not have working DNS anyhow). Then, in the Exim primary router section for smarthost (router/200_exim4-config_primary in Debian split configurations), just change transport = remote_smtp_smarthost to transport = nncp. Now, define the NNCP transport. If you are on Debian, you might name this transports/40_exim4-config_local_nncp:

nncp:
  debug_print = "T: nncp transport for $local_part@$domain"
  driver = pipe
  user = nncp
  batch_max = 100
  use_bsmtp
  command = /usr/local/nncp/bin/nncp-exec -noprogress -quiet hostname_goes_here rsmtp
.ifdef REMOTE_SMTP_HEADERS_REWRITE
  headers_rewrite = REMOTE_SMTP_HEADERS_REWRITE
.endif
.ifdef REMOTE_SMTP_RETURN_PATH
  return_path = REMOTE_SMTP_RETURN_PATH
.endif

This is pretty straightforward. We pipe to nncp-exec, run it as the nncp user. nncp-exec sends it to a target node and runs whatever that node has called rsmtp (the command to receive bsmtp data). When the target node processes the request, it will run the configured command and pipe the data in to it. More complicated: Routing to various NNCP nodes Perhaps you would like to be able to send mail directly to various NNCP nodes. There are a lot of ways to do that. Fundamentally, you will need a setup similar to the UUCP example in Exim s manualroute manual, which lets you define how to reach various hosts via UUCP/NNCP. Perhaps you have a star topology (every NNCP node exchanges email with a central hub). In the NNCP world, you have two choices of how you do this. You could, at the Exim level, make the central hub the smarthost for all the side nodes, and let it redistribute mail. That would work, but requires decrypting messages at the hub to let Exim process. The other alternative is to configure NNCP to just send to the destinations via the central hub; that takes advantage of onion routing and doesn t require any Exim processing at the central hub at all. Receiving mail from NNCP On the receiving side, first you need to configure NNCP to authorize the execution of a mail program. In the section of your receiving host where you set the permissions for the client, include something like this:

      exec:  
        rsmtp: ["/usr/sbin/sendmail", "-bS"]

The -bS option is what tells Exim to receive BSMTP on stdin. Now, you need to tell Exim that nncp is a trusted user (able to set From headers arbitrarily). Assuming you are running NNCP as the nncp user, then add MAIN_TRUSTED_USERS = nncp to a file such as /etc/exim4/conf.d/main/01_exim4-config_local-nncp. That s it! Some hosts, of course, both send and receive mail via NNCP and will need configurations for both.

26 December 2020

Sandro Tosi: Gmail and tracker.debian.org: add a label to team emails

Recently the Python Team started the migration from Alioth mailing list to a tracker.debian.org team.Alioth mailing list, being a real ml, included a List-Id header, which is handled by Gmail natively and which you can use to create a filter based on it.Tracker.d.o instead uses a custom header, X-Distro-Tracker-Team, and Gmail doesn't allow to create filters on custom headers. But there's a solution: Google Apps Scripts.

1. Apps script and its configuration

To create a new apps script, click "New project" from the scripts dashboard: this will open a code editor, so now cut and paste this code (change the label name to match the one you want to use, and the header too if you're going to use this for another team):

function tagPythonTeamEmails()  
  
  // search for all recent threads (hours is the smallest interval searchable)
  var threads = GmailApp.search("newer_than:1h");
  // this is the label i want to apply to the messages
  var label = GmailApp.getUserLabelByName("Debian_Python_Pkgs");  // <-- EDIT THIS

  for (var i = 0; i < threads.length; i++)  
     
    // get all messages in a given thread
    var messages = threads[i].getMessages();

    // for each message in the thread
    for (var j = 0; j < messages.length; j++)  
      var message = messages[j];
      // needed to have access to the full email: headers + body
      var email = message.getRawContent();
      // this is the header i want to check for: if present, add label and archive
      if (email.indexOf("X-Distro-Tracker-Team: python") > -1)    // <-- EDIT THIS
        threads[i].addLabel(label);
        threads[i].moveToArchive();

(This code is largely inspired by this StackOverflow answer.)

Given we're going to perform changes to the emails, we need to add extra permissions to the script; first we need to toggle the option "View > Show manifest file" which will show the appsscript.json file. Once done, edit it and update the scope of the script to include:

  "oauthScopes": [
    ...
    "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.readonly",
    "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.modify"
  ],

These new permission will be granted when we deploy the script, which we can actually do right now: from the editor window click on "Publish > Deploy from manifest..." and then "Install add-on"; it will make the app script available to operate on Gmail by opening the usual Google grants authorization popup.

2. Schedule the app script execution
Unlike filters defined on the web UI, apps scripts are not triggered every time a mail is received (there's a pub-sub mechanism, but it doesn't look like it would work for this), so if we want to execute periodically the new script, we need to create a time-driven trigger.
The simplest way is probably from the script editor (but you can also follow this doc): "View > Current project's triggers" and then "Add trigger" from there. For my specific use-case i set:
event source = time-driven
type of time based trigger = minutes timer
minute interval = 5 minutes
Failure notification settings = notify me immediately
it's not great that you have to wait 5 minutes for getting proper labels, and while it's true you can schedule the trigger for every minute, there are further considerations for that, discussed below.

3. Additional information
Be aware of quotas and limitations for Apps scripts; in particular the "Triggers total runtime" set to "90 min / day" is what led me to set the trigger every 510 mins.
Use the scripts dashboard (doc) to monitor the script execution logs, in the "My Executions" section, and specifically the "Duration" column: the script execution time depends exclusively on the number of emails to process at every execution, so fine-tune the trigger time to stay within your quota.
The newer_than search operator doesn't allow a granularity smaller than hours (although that's not even documented), so that means we're going to scan multiple times the same emails.
UPDATE (2020-12-26): I've already had to bump from every 5 to every 10 minutes, as otherwise i'd get Exception: Service invoked too many times for one day: gmail. (remember the quota!)

Paul Tagliamonte: Reverse Engineering my Christmas Tree

Over the course of the last year and a half, I ve been doing some self-directed learning on how radios work. I ve gone from a very basic understanding of wireless communications (there s usually some sort of antenna, I guess?) all the way through the process of learning about and implementing a set of libraries to modulate and demodulate data using my now formidable stash of SDRs. I ve been implementing all of the RF processing code from first principals and purely based on other primitives I ve written myself to prove to myself that I understand each concept before moving on. I figured that there was a fun capstone to be done here - the blind reverse engineering and implementation of the protocol my cheep Amazon power switch uses to turn on and off my Christmas Tree. All the work described in this post was done over the course of a few hours thanks to help during the demodulation from Tom Bereknyei and hlieberman.

Going in blind When I first got my switch, I checked it for any FCC markings in order to look up the FCC filings to determine the operational frequency of the device, and maybe some other information such as declared modulation or maybe even part numbers and/or diagrams. However, beyond a few regulatory stickers, there were no FCC ids or other distinguishing IDs on the device. Worse yet, it appeared to be a whitelabeled version of another product, so searching Google for the product name was very unhelpful. Since operation of this device is unlicensed, I figured I d start looking in the ISM band. The most common band used that I ve seen is the band starting at `433.05MHz` up to `434.79MHz`. I fired up my trusty waterfall tuned to a center frequency of `433.92MHz` (since it s right in the middle of the band, and it let me see far enough up and down the band to spot the remote) and pressed a few buttons. Imagine my surprise when I realize the operational frequency of this device is `433.920MHz`, exactly dead center. Weird, but lucky! After taking a capture, I started to look at understanding what the modulation type of the signal was, and how I may go about demodulating it. Using inspectrum, I was able to clearly see the signal in the capture, and it immediately stuck out to my eye to be encoded using OOK / ASK. Next, I started to measure the smallest pulse, and see if I could infer the symbols per second, and try to decode it by hand. These types of signals are generally pretty easy to decode by eye. This wound up giving me symbol rate of 2.2 Ksym/s, which is a lot faster than I expected. While I was working by hand, Tom demodulated a few messages in Python, and noticed that if you grouped the bits into groups of 4, you either had a `1000` or a `1110` which caused me to realize this was encoded using something I saw documented elsewhere, where the 0 is a short pulse, and a 1 is a long pulse, not unlike morse code, but where each symbol takes up a fixed length of time (monospace morse code?). Working on that assumption, I changed my inspectrum symbol width, and demodulated a few more by hand. This wound up demodulating nicely (and the preamble / clock sync could be represented as repeating `0`s, which is handy!) and gave us a symbol rate of 612(ish) symbols per second a lot closer to what I was expecting. If we take the code for on in the inspectrum capture above and demodulate it by hand, we get `0000000000110101100100010` (treat a short pulse as a 0, and a long pulse as a 1). If you re interested in following along at home, click on the inspectrum image, and write down the bits you see, and compare it to what I have! Right, so it looks like from what we can tell so far that the packet looks something like this:

preamble / sync

stuff

Next, I took a capture of all the button presses and demodulated them by hand, and put them into a table to try and understand the format of the messages:

Button Demod'd Bits

On 0000000000110101100100010

Off 00000000001101011001010000

Dim Up 0000000000110101100110100

Dim Down 0000000000110101100100100

Timer 1h 0000000000110101100110010

Timer 2h 0000000000110101100100110

Timer 4h 0000000000110101100100000

Dim 100% 0000000000110101000101010

Dim 75% 00000000001101010001001100

Dim 50% 00000000001101010001001000

Dim 25% 0000000000110101000100000

Great! So, this is enough to attempt to control the tree with, I think so I wrote a simple modulator. My approach was to use the fact that I can break down a single symbol into 4 sub-symbol components which is to say, go back to representing a `1` as `1110`, and a `0` as `1000`. This let me allocate IQ space for the symbol, break the bit into 4 symbols, and if that symbol is 1, write out values from a carrier wave (`cos` in the `real` values, and `sin` in the `imaginary` values) to the buffer. Now that I can go from bits to IQ data, I can transmit that IQ data using my PlutoSDR or HackRF and try and control my tree. I gave it a try, and the tree blinked off! Success! But wait that s not enough for me I know I can t just demodulate bits and try and replay the bits forever there s stuff like addresses and keys and stuff, and I want to get a second one of these working. Let s take a look at the bits to see if we spot anything fun & interesting. At first glance, a few things jumped out at me as being weird? First is that the preamble is 10 bits long (fine, let s move along - maybe it just needs 8 in a row and there s two to ensure clocks sync?). Next is that the messages are not all the same length. I double (and triple!) checked the messages, and it s true, the messages are not all the same length. Adding an extra bit at the end didn t break anything, but I wonder if that s just due to the implementation rather than the protocol. But, good news, it looks like we have a stable prefix to the messages from the remote must be my device s address! The stable 6 bits that jump out right away are `110101`. Something seems weird, though, 6 bits is a bit awkward, even for a bit limited embedded device. Why 6? But hey, wait, we had 10 bits in the preamble, what if we have an 8 bit address meaning my device is `00110101`, and the preamble is 8 `0` symbols! Those are numbers that someone working on an 8 bit aligned platform would pick! To test this, I added a `0` to the preamble to see if the message starts at the first `1`, or if it requires all the bits to be fully decoded, and lo and behold, the tree did not turn on or off. This would seem to me to confirm that the 0s are part of the address, and I can assume we have two 8 bit aligned bytes in the prefix of the message.

preamble / sync

address

stuff

Now, when we go through the 9-10 bits of stuff , we see all sorts of weird bits floating all over the place. The first 4 bits look like it s either `1001` or `0001`, but other than that, there s a lot of chaos. This is where things get really squishy. I needed more information to try and figure this out, but no matter how many times I sent a command it was always the same bits (so, no counters), and things feel very opaque still. The only way I was going to make any progress is to get another switch and see how the messages from the remote change. Off to Amazon I went, and ordered another switch from the same page, and eagerly waited its arrival.

Button	Demod'd Bits
On	0000000000110101100100010
Off	00000000001101011001010000
Dim Up	0000000000110101100110100
Dim Down	0000000000110101100100100
Timer 1h	0000000000110101100110010
Timer 2h	0000000000110101100100110
Timer 4h	0000000000110101100100000
Dim 100%	0000000000110101000101010
Dim 75%	00000000001101010001001100
Dim 50%	00000000001101010001001000
Dim 25%	0000000000110101000100000

Switch #2 The second switch showed up, and I hurriedly unboxed the kit, put batteries into the remote, and fired up my SDR to take a capture. After I captured the first button ( Off ), my heart sunk as I saw my lights connected to Switch #1 flicker off. Apparently the new switch and the old switch have the same exact address. To be sure, I demodulated the messages as before, and came out with the exact same bit pattern. This is a setback and letdown I was hoping to independently control my switches, but it also means I got no additional information about the address or button format. The upside to all of this, though, is that because the switches are controlled by either remote, I only needed one remote, so why not pull it apart and see if I can figure out what components it s using to transmit, and find any datasheets I can. The PCB was super simple, and I wound up finding a WL116SC IC on the PCB. After some googling, I found a single lone datasheet, entirely in Chinese. Thankfully, Google Translate seems to have worked well enough on technical words, and I was able to put together at least a little bit of understanding based on the documentation that was made available. I took a few screenshots below - I put the google translated text above the hanzi. From that sheet, we can see we got the basics of the 1 and 0 symbol encoding right (I was halfway expecting the bits to be flipped), and a huge find by way of a description of the bits in the message! It s a bummer that we missed the clock sync / preamble pulse before the data message, but that s OK somehow. It also turns out that 8 or 10 bit series of of 0"s wasn t clock sync at all - it was part of the address! Since it also turns out that all devices made by this manufacturer have the hardcoded address of `[]byte 0x00, 0x35` , that means that the vast majority of bits sent are always going to be the same for any button press on any remote made by this vendor. Seems like a waste of bits to me, but hey, what do I know. Additionally, this also tells us the trailing zeros are not part of the data encoding scheme, which is progress!

address

keycode

Now, working on the assumptions validated by the datasheet, here s the updated list of scancodes we ve found:

Button Scancode Bits Integer

On 10010001 145 / 0x91

Off 10010100 148 / 0x94

Dim Up 10011010 154 / 0x9A

Dim Down 10010010 146 / 0x92

Timer 1h 10011001 154 / 0x99

Timer 2h 10010011 147 / 0x93

Timer 4h 10010000 144 / 0x90

Dim 100% 00010101 21 / 0x15

Dim 75% 00010011 19 / 0x13

Dim 50% 00010010 18 / 0x12

Dim 25% 00010000 16 / 0x10

Interestingly, I think the Dim keys may have a confirmation that we have a good demod the codes on the bottom are missing the most significant bit, and when I look back at the scancode table in the datasheet, they make an interesting pattern the bottom two rows, right and left side values match up! If you take a look, Dim 100% is S1 , Dim 75% is S19 , Dim 50% is S8 , and Dim 25% is S20 . Cool! Since none of the other codes line up, I am willing to bet the most significant bit is a Combo indicator, and not part of the button (leaving 7 bits for the keycode). And even more interestingly, one of our scancodes ( Off , which is 0x94) shows up just below this table, in the examples. Over all, I think this tells us we have the right bits to look at for determining the scan code! Great news there!

Button	Scancode Bits	Integer
On	10010001	145 / 0x91
Off	10010100	148 / 0x94
Dim Up	10011010	154 / 0x9A
Dim Down	10010010	146 / 0x92
Timer 1h	10011001	154 / 0x99
Timer 2h	10010011	147 / 0x93
Timer 4h	10010000	144 / 0x90
Dim 100%	00010101	21 / 0x15
Dim 75%	00010011	19 / 0x13
Dim 50%	00010010	18 / 0x12
Dim 25%	00010000	16 / 0x10

Back to the modulation! So, armed with this knowledge, I was able to refactor my code to match the timings and understanding outlined by the datasheet and ensure things still work. The switch itself has a high degree of tolerance, so being wildly off frequency or a wildly wrong symbol rate may actually still work. It s hard to know if this is more or less correct, but matching documentation seems like a more stable foundation if nothing else. This code has been really reliable, and tends to work just as well as the remote from what I ve been able to determine. I ve been using incredibly low power to avoid any interference, and it s been very robust - a testament to the engineering that went into the outlet hardware, even though it cost less than of a lot of other switches! I have a lot of respect for the folks who built this device - it s incredibly simple, reliable and my guess is this thing will keep working even in some fairly harsh RF environments. The only downside is the fact the manufacturer used the same address for all their devices, rather than programming a unique address for each outlet and remote when the underlying WL116SC chip supports it. I m sure this was done to avoid complexity in assembly (e.g. pairing the remote and outlet, and having to keep those two items together during assembly), but it s still a bummer. I took apart the switch to see if I could dump an EEPROM and change the address in ROM, but the entire thing was potted in waterproof epoxy, which is a very nice feature if this was ever used outdoors. Not good news for tinkering, though!

Unsolved Mysteries At this point, even though I understand the protocol enough to control the device, it still feels like I hit a dead end in my understanding. I m not able to figure out how exactly the scancodes are implemented, and break them down into more specific parts. They are stable and based on the physical wiring of the remote, so I think I m going to leave it a magic number. I have what I was looking for, and these magic constants appear to be the right one to use, even if I did understand how to create the codes itself. This does leave us with a few bits we never resolved, which I ll memorialize below just to be sure I don t forget about them. Question #1: According to the datasheet there should be a preamble. Why do I not see one leading the first message? My hunch is that the trailing 0 at the end of the payload is actually just the preamble for the next message (always rendering the first message invalid?). This would let us claim there s an engineering reason why we are ignoring the weird bit, and also explain away something from the documentation. It s just weird that it wouldn t be present on the first message. This theory is mostly confirmed by measuring the timing and comparing it to the datasheet, but it s not exactly in line with the datasheet timings either (specifically, it s off by 200 s, which is kinda a lot for a system using 400 s timings). I think I could go either way on the last 0 being the preamble for the next message. It could be that the first message is technically invalid, or it could also be that this was not implemented or actively disabled by the vendor for this specific application / device. It s really hard to know without getting the source code for the WL116SC chip in this specific remote or the source in the outlet itself. Question #2: Why are some keycodes 8 bits and others 9 bits? I still have no idea why there sometimes 8 bits (for instance, On ) and other times there are 9 bits (for instance, Off ) in the 8 bit keycode field. I spent some time playing with the trailing zeros, when I try and send an Off with the most significant 8 bits (without the least significant / last 9th bit, which is a 0 ), it does not turn the tree off. If I send an On with 9 bits (an additional 0 after the least significant bit), it does work, but both On and Off work when I send 10, 11 or 12 bits padded with trailing zeros. I suspect my outlet will ignore data after the switch is done reading bits regardless of trailing zeros. The docs tell me there should only be 8 bits, but it won t work unless I send 9 bits for some commands. There s something fishy going on here, and the datasheet isn t exactly right either way. Question #3: How in the heck do those scancodes work? This one drove me nuts. I ve spent countless hours on trying to figure this out, including emailing the company that makes the WL116SC (they re really nice!), and even though they were super kind and generous with documentation and example source, I m still having a hard time lining up their documentation and examples with what I see from my remote. I think the manufacturer of my remote and switch has modified the protocol enough to where there s actually something different going on here. Bummer. I wound up in my place of last resort asking friends over Signal to try and see if they could find a pattern, as well as making multiple pleas to the twittersphere, to no avail (but thank you to Ben Hilburn, devnulling, Andreas Bombe and Larme for your repiles, help and advice!) I still don t understand how they assemble the scan code for instance, if you merely add, you won t know if a key press of `0x05` is `0x03` + `0x02` or if it s `0x01` + `0x04`. On the other hand, treating it as two 4-bit integers won t work for `0x10` to `0x15` (since they need 5 bits to represent). It s also likely the most significant bit is a combo indicator, which only leaves 7 bits for the actual keypress data. Stuffing 10 bits of data into 7 bits is likely resulting in some really intricate bit work. On a last ditch whim, I tried to XOR the math into working, but some initial brute forcing to make the math work given the provided examples did not result in anything. It could be a bitpacked field that I don t understand, but I don t think I can make progress on that without inside knowledge and much more work. Here s the table containing the numbers I was working off of:

Keys Key Codes Scancode

S3 + S9 0x01 + 0x03 0x96

S6 + S12 0x07 + 0x09 0x94

S22 + S10 0x0D + 0x0F 0x3F

If anyone has thoughts on how these codes work, I d love to hear about it! Send me an email or a tweet or something - I m a bit stumped. There s some trick here that is being used to encode the combo key in a way that is decodeable. If it s actually not decodeable (which is a real possibility!), this may act as a unique button combo hash which allows the receiver to not actually determine which keys are pressed, but have a unique button that gets sent when a combo is used. I m not sure I know enough to have a theory as to which it may be.

Keys	Key Codes	Scancode
S3 + S9	0x01 + 0x03	0x96
S6 + S12	0x07 + 0x09	0x94
S22 + S10	0x0D + 0x0F	0x3F

Russ Allbery: Review: The Biggest Bluff

Review: The Biggest Bluff, by Maria Konnikova

Publisher:	Penguin Press
Copyright:	2020
ISBN:	0-525-52263-8
Format:	Kindle
Pages:	335

After a particularly unlucky year for her family, Maria Konnikova was reading about the balance between luck and control in life and discovered, to her surprise, that John von Neumann, one of the foundational thinkers of computer science, was fascinated by poker. He found most card games boring because they relied on luck. Poker, however, he thought was the perfect balance between luck and skill: enough skill to make its effect undeniable, but enough luck that one could not control the game fully regardless of skill. Konnikova decided on a research project: spend one year learning No Limit Texas Hold'em from one of the best poker players in the world, with a goal of competing in the World Series of Poker. She had studied the description-experience gap during her doctoral research in psychology and wanted to see if the experience of randomness in poker would teach her something the description of the randomness of life could not. Before starting this project, she didn't know the basic rules and had never watched a game. Erik Seidel agreed to mentor her, and The Biggest Bluff is her account of that experience. This book is simultaneously frustrating and fascinating in ways that I don't think can be untangled without making it a far different book. Fitting, I suppose, for a book about how our brains entangle luck and skill. First, if you're looking for a book about poker play, this is not one. Konnikova rarely talks about specific hands or tournaments in more detail than her overall trajectory. That was a disappointment. In the few places she does describe some of her betting decisions, analysis of the other players, and tournament strategy, her accounts are engrossing and suspenseful. I would have happily read a book chronicling her poker tournaments and the decisions she made, but this is not that book. What The Biggest Bluff is instead is a psychological and philosophical examination of the process of learning poker. Konnikova uses her experiences as launching points into philosophical digressions. Even the lessons that have limited surface utility outside of poker, such as learning to suppress body language to avoid giving away information, turn into digressions about interpersonal dynamics and personality types. There are interesting tidbits here, but I've read a lot of popular psychology and was more interested in the poker. My frequent reading experience was impatiently waiting for Konnikova to finish lecturing and get back to her narrative. What Konnikova does do though, at a level that I haven't seen before before in a book of this type, is be brutally honest about her mistakes and her learning process. And I do mean brutally: The book opens with her throwing up in a casino bathroom. (This is not a fun book to read if you don't like reading about stress reactions and medical problems. There aren't many of them, but they're... memorable.) Konnikova knows and can explain the psychological state she's trying to reach, but still finds it hard to do in the moment. Correctly reacting to probabilities, cutting losses, and neither being too over-confident or too scared is very hard. Most books of this type elide over the repeated failures in a sort of training montage, which makes the process look easier than it feels. Konnikova tries to realistically show the setbacks and failures, and I think succeeds. That relentless introspection and critical honesty is the best part of this book, but I think it's also behind the stream of consciousness digressions about psychology and philosophy. It's a true portrayal of how Konnikova makes sense of the world. A more polished and streamlined book about the poker would have been more dramatically engrossing, but it might have lost the deep examination of how she combines poker with her knowledge of psychology to change her thinking. The one place where I think that self-reflection may fall a bit short, which I want to mention because I thought it was a missed opportunity, is around knowledge of hand probabilities. Konnikova makes a point, early in the book, of not approaching poker through the memorization and mathematics route and instead trying to find a play style that focuses on analyzing the other players and controlling her own emotions. This is a good hook, but by the end of the book it's not entirely true. The point that I think she was trying to make is that her edge against other poker players at her same level comes more from psychology than from calculation of precise odds in rare situations. This is true. But by the time she reaches high levels of play, she is using statistical simulators, practice tools, and intensive study just like any professional poker player. There is a minimum level of pure knowledge and memorization required that cannot be avoided. It's clear from the few things she says about this that those tools became more interesting to her as she became better at poker, and I wish she would have dug more into why and how that happened. How much of her newfound ability to make decisions and stick to a plan comes from emotional changes, and how much from that background store of confident knowledge? Or maybe those are different ways of looking at the same change? I did appreciate Konnikova's explicit acknowledgment at the end of the book that poker did not, in the end, provide some deep insight into the balance of luck and skill in real life. Learning poker instead gave Konnikova more personal ability to make a plan for the things that she can control and let go of the things she can't. I'm glad that worked for her, but since reading this book I have noticed former poker players who think life is more knowable than it is. Poker combines random chance with psychological play against other people, but it does so in a way and to an extent that is quantifiable. You can make the correct play and still lose a hand, but you can also know when this has happened. When you're used to analyzing the world through that frame and real life fails to provide that certainty, it's tempting to impose it anyway and insist your simplified models are more accurate because they're more comprehensible. But poker is a game, not a model; being more predictable and more constrained than real life is part of what makes it fun. The skill that Konnikova learned from it has a potential downside that she doesn't talk about. I'm not sure how to sum up this book. Konnikova's internal analysis and honesty is truly admirable and illuminating, but it left me wanting to read a different book that was more focused on poker narration. I know there are lots of those books out there, but I doubt they would be written with Konnikova's self-awareness and lack of ego. However, they would probably also lack the moments that made me cringe or that were deeply uncomfortable to read. My feelings are mixed. But if you want popular psychology wrapped around a deeply honest account of the process of learning poker, I suspect this book is one of a kind. Rating: 7 out of 10

John Goerzen: Rehabilitating Asynchronous Communication with NNCP: A Cross Between Tor, ssh, and UUCP

Have you ever been traveling, shot a ton of photos and videos, but were annoyed to find it was saturating the terrible wifi you had access to? Maybe you d wish the upload to pause until you get somewhere else, but then pausing syncing on your Nextcloud/Syncthing/Dropbox would also pause other syncing you didn t want to pause. Or you have trouble backing up your laptop when not at home, in a way that won t accidentaly eat up your cell phone data. There are ways to help with this: asynchronous transfer. Here s a lot of background. If you want to see how encrypted, onion-routed UUCP looks, skip ahead to the NNCP section! There is an old saying: When all you have is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail. We have this wonderful tool called ssh available, and it is pervasive and well-understood, so we tend to use it. But we ve missed out on some benefits of asynchronous processing that we actually used to have more frequently. Of course, we are all used to some asynchronous services in our lives. Email is a popular example: most mail clients work offline and will transmit stored messages when the mail server becomes reachable. Mail servers themselves work that way, too. Many instant messaging platforms do as well. Even some backup systems do. Bacula/Bareos, for instance, spools all backup data to disk on the system connected to the tape drive, and from there to the tape itself. They do this for several reasons, but primarily the fact that if tape drives are not fed with data at their design speed, it can cause physical damage to the tape or even the drive. It causes the drive to have to pause, and seek backwards to reposition for the next write. This creates excessive travel of the tape over the write heads, causing a condition known as tape shine where the tape is damaged prematurely. Here are some problems people often run into when sending data across a network (or the Internet) synchronously:

One side of the communication is much faster than the other
Internet issues interrupting communications mid-stream
Slow Internet causing processes to take much longer than planned, resulting in unexpected results or locking issues
Physical damage due to performance issues

Of course, there are plenty of situations where synchronous communication is a must. For instance:

When the status of the transaction at the remote end must be known immediately
When there is insufficient space to spool a job s data

I suspect that the reason we don t do more asynchronous processing these days, despite it being strong in the Unix heritage, is the lack of modern tools to do it. Let s explore some more. Some of my use cases I run ZFS on all my systems that support it: file server, laptops, workstations, etc. It is only natural to use ZFS send/receive to do backups, and I do. However, when I am traveling, my laptop never gets backed up, because the backups are pulled from the backup system. Sure, there are ways around that; a VPN, for instance. But then we have the situation where sometimes I do not want to send the backup even if I have a working Internet connection: perhaps I m tethered to a mobile connection and it would be expensive to do so, or I m on hotel Wifi that is flaky and slow and I don t want to give up any of its meager bandwidth. I have another backup-related problem. I have a remote server, which until recently was using extremely slow disks. If I made significant changes, the backup would take the better part of a day. That s annoying when I try to back up hourly. So of course I had to implement locking, but then that means none of my other machines would back up that day either. Once I needed to transmit about 2TB of data. My home Internet connection was terribly slow, and I calculated it would take multiple months to do this. So I took to manually copying parts of the data to my laptop, and whenever I d find an airport or coffee shop with faster Internet than at home, I d send off those bits from it. But it took a ton of work. The bespoke asynchronous problem And that ton of work is perhaps why we aren t doing more of this. There s been no great standard solution, so it s all roll your own when you need to. So we just use ssh, because it s easier and usually good enough . But as I wrote in my recent article on airgapped backups, there are reasons to go async. Solutions Wouldn t it be great to be able to queue up data for a machine, and let it get there in whatever way it can? Maybe a fast Internet connection is found, or via Tor, or via copying to a USB stick, or via radio broadcast? It would make many of these scenarios a lot easier. And there are ways for this now, with modern security! We have some tools on Linux for this: git-annex for storage and migration, syrep for synchronization, and NNCP for file transfer and remote execution (could be combined with some of these other tools). Let s dive in to NNCP. NNCP If you already know UUCP, think of NNCP as UUCP brought into the modern era, with modern security and tools. Basically, NNCP permits you to send files to a remote system, request files from a remote system, and pipe data to an NNCP command that requests execution remotely. So you could, say, pipe a zfs send to NNCP which sends it to the remote and pipes it to zfs receive when it gets there. NNCP has a delay-tolerant, resumable protocol that can run over just about any reliable connection: TCP, serial, Tor, radios of various kinds, you name it. But that s not all; it also can dump its queue onto something like a USB stick for transport, or even make a tar-style stream that could be munged however you like. If you want to get fancy, you can assign priorities to data packets, so that, for instance, outbound email will always get sent before that 1TB file you ve got to send also. You can also configure it so that certain carriers handle certain priorities of data; your cell phone would only handle the most urgent, but a USB stick would take anything. NNCP is source-routed; you can tell it that the way that Bob reaches Alice is via Carl, then Betty. Bob can generate a message that will be sent along that route, fully encrypted and authenticated at each step of the way; Carl can t see the content of the message or even anything about it other than its next hop. How this helps Let s revisit some of my scnearios with NNCP. For the laptop being backed up, while traveling it can queue up its backups, or photos, or videos, or whatever. They could be triggered by a command when on a good connection, or automatically. The data could be copied to USB and given to a friend to transmit; perfectly safe due to encryption. Or it could all wait until arriving at home, safely out of your other syncing directories. The NNCP documentation has an example of this. For the server being backed up slowly, that s easily solved; the slow backup would simply be queued up, and transmitted and processed when it s ready. This wouldn t interrupt other backups. How about the 2TB transmission problem? That s also made a lot easier. A command could be run to fill up a USB stick with parts of the queue, then that USB stick plugged in and transmitted whenever at a fast location. Repeat as needed while the slow system continues its upload of the remaining bits. NNCP has a lot of interesting use cases documented as well. If you are already familiar with how public keys work in SSH, then NNCP should be immediately familiar as well. It is a similar concept (though arguably somewhat easier to set up). I am working on setting up a NNCP network, and will have more posts on how to do so once I ve got it going. In the meantime, the documentation for the project is also pretty good.

25 December 2020

Sandro Tosi: Devils: Massimo Ruggiero's apartment building

If you enjoyed watching Devils, like me, and if you tend to obsess over tiny details that have absolutely nothing to do with the story being told, like me, and you lived in that general area, like me, then you may be curious of the location of Massimo's apartment.In several shots we can see views of both The Gherkin and the north side of Canary Wharf, so that means the building is in and around E1/E2/E3 zip codes. But London is huge, and while yes i tried to just browse Google Maps for clues, that didn't produce any result.The final clue is revealed in the 9th episode, at minute 20:10, and precisely with this shot:

at the bottom left we can see the entrance sign for Tobacco Dock, located at:So right there, just off to the right from the entrance, it's the apartment building: Park Vista Tower.The exact apartment number, i don't know, it's probably somewhere on the door or on the door frame, which can probably be seen one of the times when Sofia or others come to visit Massimo, but since that happened mid 9th episode, i'm not gonna go back to find that clue

23 December 2020

Sven Hoexter: Jenkins dynamically parameterized pipelins for terraform execution

Jenkins in the Ops space is in general already painful. Lately the deprecation of the multiple-scms plugin caused some headache, becaue we relied heavily on it to generate pipelines in a Seedjob based on structure inside secondary repositories. We kind of started from scratch now and ship parameterized pipelines defined in Jenkinsfiles in those secondary repositories. Basically that is the way it should be, you store the pipeline definition along with code you'd like to execute. In our case that is mostly terraform and ansible. Problem Directory structure is roughly "stage" -> "project" -> "service". We'd like to have one job pipeline per project, which dynamically reads all service folder names and offers those as available parameters. A service folder is the smallest entity we manage with terraform in a separate state file. Now Jenkins pipelines are by intention limited, but you can add some groovy at will if you whitelist the usage in Jenkins. You have to click through some security though to make it work. Jenkinsfile This is basically a commented version of the Jenkinsfile we copy now around as a template, to be manually adjusted per project.

// Syntax: https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline/syntax/
// project name as we use it in the folder structure and job name
def TfProject = "myproject-I-dev"
// directory relative to the repo checkout inside the jenkins workspace
def jobDirectory = "terraform/dev/$ TfProject "
// informational string to describe the stage or project
def stageEnvDescription = "DEV"
/* Attention please if you rebuild the Jenkins instance consider the following:
- You've to run this job at least *thrice*. It first has to checkout the
repository, then you've to add permisions for the groovy part, and on
the third run you can gather the list of available terraform folder.
- As a safeguard the first first folder name is always the invalid string
"choose-one". That prevents accidential execution of a random project.
- If you add new terraform folder you've to run the "choose-one" dummy rollout so
the dynamic parameters pick up the new folder. */
/* Here we hardcode the path to the correct job workspace on the jenkins host, and
   discover the service folder list. We have to filter it slightly to avoid temporary folders created by Jenkins (like @tmp folders). */
List tffolder = new File("/var/lib/jenkins/jobs/terraform $ TfProject /workspace/$ jobDirectory ").listFiles().findAll   it.isDirectory() && it.name ==~ /(?i)[a-z0-9_-]+/  .sort()
/* ensure the "choose-one" dummy entry is always the first in the list, otherwise
   initial executions might execute something. By default the first parameter is
   used if none is selected */
tffolder.add(0,"choose-one")
pipeline  
    agent any
    /* Show a choice parameter with the service directory list we stored
       above in the variable tffolder */
    parameters  
        choice(name: "TFFOLDER", choices: tffolder)
     
    // Configure logrotation and coloring.
    options  
        buildDiscarder(logRotator(daysToKeepStr: "30", numToKeepStr: "100"))
        ansiColor("xterm")
     
    // Set some variables for terraform to pick up the right service account.
    environment  
        GOOGLE_CLOUD_KEYFILE_JSON = '/var/lib/jenkins/cicd.json'
        GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS = '/var/lib/jenkins/cicd.json'
     
stages  
    stage('TF Plan')  
    /* Make sure on every stage that we only execute if the
       choice parameter is not the dummy one. Ensures we
       can run the pipeline smoothly for re-reading the
       service directories. */
    when   expression   params.TFFOLDER != "choose-one"    
    steps  
        /* Initialize terraform and generate a plan in the selected
           service folder. */
        dir("$ params.TFFOLDER ")  
        sh 'terraform init -no-color -upgrade=true'
        sh 'terraform plan -no-color -out myplan'
         
        // Read in the repo name we act on for informational output.
        script  
            remoteRepo = sh(returnStdout: true, script: 'git remote get-url origin').trim()
         
        echo "INFO: job *$ JOB_NAME * in *$ params.TFFOLDER * on branch *$ GIT_BRANCH * of repo *$ remoteRepo *"
     
     
    stage('TF Apply')  
    /* Run terraform apply only after manual acknowledgement, we have to
       make sure that the when     condition is actually evaluated before
       the input. Default is input before when. */
    when  
        beforeInput true
        expression   params.TFFOLDER != "choose-one"  
     
    input  
        message "Cowboy would you really like to run **$ JOB_NAME ** in **$ params.TFFOLDER **"
        ok "Apply $ JOB_NAME  to $ stageEnvDescription "
     
    steps  
        dir("$ params.TFFOLDER ")  
        sh 'terraform apply -no-color -input=false myplan'
         
     
     
 
    post  
            failure  
                // You can also alert to noisy chat platforms on failures if you like.
                echo "job failed"

job-dsl side of the story Having all those when conditions in the pipeline stages above allows us to create a dependency between successful Seedjob executions and just let that trigger the execution of the pipeline jobs. This is important because the Seedjob execution itself will reset all pipeline jobs, so your dynamic parameters are gone. By making sure we can re-execute the job, and doing that automatically, we still have up to date parameterized pipelines, whenever the Seedjob ran successfully. The job-dsl script looks like this:

import javaposse.jobdsl.dsl.DslScriptLoader;
import javaposse.jobdsl.plugin.JenkinsJobManagement;
import javaposse.jobdsl.plugin.ExecuteDslScripts;
def params = [
    // Defaults are repo: mycorp/admin, branch: master, jenkinsFilename: Jenkinsfile
    pipelineJobs: [
        [name: 'terraform myproject-I-dev', jenkinsFilename: 'terraform/dev/myproject-I-dev/Jenkinsfile', upstream: 'Seedjob'],
        [name: 'terraform myproject-I-prod', jenkinsFilename: 'terraform/prod/myproject-I-prod/Jenkinsfile', upstream: 'Seedjob'],
    ],
]
params.pipelineJobs.each   job ->
    pipelineJob(job.name)  
        definition  
            cpsScm  
                // assume admin and branch master as a default, look for Jenkinsfile
                def repo = job.repo ?: 'mycorp/admin'
                def branch = job.branch ?: 'master'
                def jenkinsFilename = job.jenkinsFilename ?: 'Jenkinsfile'
                scm  
                    git("ssh://git@github.com/$ repo .git", branch)
                 
                scriptPath(jenkinsFilename)
             
         
        properties  
            pipelineTriggers  
                triggers  
                    if(job.upstream)  
                        upstream  
                            upstreamProjects("$ job.upstream ")
                            threshold('SUCCESS')

Disadvantages There are still a bunch of disadvantages you've to consider Jenkins Rebuilds are Painful In general we rebuild our Jenkins instances quite frequently. With the approach outlined here in place, you've to allow the groovy script execution after the first Seedjob execution, and then go through at least another round of run the job, allow permissions, run the job, until it's finally all up and running. Copy around Jenkinsfile Whenever you create a new project you've to copy around Jenkinsfiles for each and every stage and modify the variables at the top accordingly. Keep the Seedjob definitions and Jenkinsfile in Sync You not only have to copy the Jenkinsfile around, but you also have to keep the variables and names in sync with what you define for the Seedjob. Sadly the pipeline env-vars are not available outside of the pipeline when we execute the groovy parts. Kudos This setup was crafted with a lot of help by Michael and Eric.

Jonathan McDowell: Rooting the Tesco Hudl

I have an original Tesco Hudl - a Rockchip RK3188 based Android tablet. It s somewhat long in the tooth and mine is running Android 4.2.2 (Jelly Bean). As a first step in trying to get it updated a bit I decided to root it and have a poke about. There are plenty of guides for this, but they mostly involve downloading Android apps that look dodgy or don t exist any more. Thankfully the bootloader is unlocked, so I did it the hard (manual) way from a Debian 10 (Buster) box. I doubt this is useful to many folk, but I thought I d write it up. As you d expect follow this at your own risk; there is the potential to brick the Hudl. First, enable developer mode on the Hudl (so we can adb in). Open the Settings app, scroll down to the bottom and click About Tablet , scroll down to the bottom and tap Build number 7 times, at which point it will tell you You are now a developer! . Go back to the main settings menu and just above About Tablet there will now be a Developer options entry. Click it, then make sure the box beside USB debugging is ticked. Now you need to install the appropriate tools on your Debian box. That should be:

$ sudo apt install adb rkflashtool

We also need to download a suitable su tool. I lazily went for the prebuilt SuperSU Root:

$ mkdir hudl-root
$ cd hudl-root
$ wget https://supersuroot.org/downloads/SuperSU-v2.79-201612051815.zip
$ unzip SuperSU-v2.79-201612051815.zip

2.82 is the latest version but has problems on Jelly Bean; the device will end up not properly booting. Hook the Hudl up to your machine with a suitable USB cable and you ll now be able to get a shell on it:

$ adb shell
* daemon not running; starting now at tcp:5037
* daemon started successfully
shell@android:/ $

Ctrl-D will quit the shell and return you back to the local prompt. Next step is to reboot into the Rockchip bootloader, and use that to download the system partition (just over 1G in size)

$ adb reboot bootloader
$ sudo rkflashtool r system > system.img
rkflashtool: info: rkflashtool v5.2
rkflashtool: info: Detected RK3188...
rkflashtool: info: interface claimed
rkflashtool: info: working with partition: system
rkflashtool: info: found offset: 0x00142000
rkflashtool: info: found size: 0x00200000
rkflashtool: info: reading flash memory at offset 0x00341fe0... Done!

We now have a system.img file which represents the system partition of the device. We can mount that and copy over the su binary and SuperSU apk.

$ sudo mount -o loop system.img /mnt
$ sudo cp common/Superuser.apk /mnt/app/
$ sudo cp armv7/su /mnt/xbin/
$ sudo chmod +sx /mnt/xbin/su
$ sudo umount /mnt

Finally we can write this image back to the device, reboot and once the reboot has completed use adb to connect and su to root. SuperSU might pop up a dialog on the tablet asking you to ok the action (and possibly indicate it needs to do a fixup of the installation):

$ sudo rkflashtool w system < system.img
$ sudo rkflashtool b
$ adb shell
shell@android:/ $ su -
root@android:/ #

John Goerzen: How & Why To Use Airgapped Backups

A good backup strategy needs to consider various threats to the integrity of data. For instance:

Building catches fire
Accidental deletion
Equipment failure
Security incident / malware / compromise

It s that last one that is of particular interest today. A lot of backup strategies are such that if a user (or administrator) has their local account or network compromised, their backups could very well be destroyed as well. For instance, do you ssh from the account being backed up to the system holding the backups? Or rsync using a keypair stored on it? Or access S3 buckets, etc? It is trivially easy in many of these schemes to totally ruin cloud-based backups, or even some other schemes. rsync can be run with delete (and often is, to prune remotes), S3 buckets can be deleted, etc. And even if you try to lock down an over-network backup to be append-only, still there are vectors for attack (ssh credentials, OpenSSL bugs, etc). In this post, I try to explore how we can protect against them and still retain some modern conveniences. A backup scheme also needs to make a balance between:

Cost
Security
Accessibility
Efficiency (of time, bandwidth, storage, etc)

My story so far About 20 years ago, I had an Exabyte tape drive, with the amazing capacity of 7GB per tape! Eventually as disk prices fell, I had external disks plugged in to a server, and would periodically rotate them offsite. I ve also had various combinations of partial or complete offsite copies over the Internet as well. I have around 6TB of data to back up (after compression), a figure that is growing somewhat rapidly as I digitize some old family recordings and videos. Since I last wrote about backups 5 years ago, my scheme has been largely unchanged; at present I use ZFS for local and to-disk backups and borg for the copies over the Internet. Let s take a look at some options that could make this better. Tape The original airgapped backup. You back up to a tape, then you take the (fairly cheap) tape out of the drive and put in another one. In cost per GB, tape is probably the cheapest medium out there. But of course it has its drawbacks. Let s start with cost. To get a drive that can handle capacities of what I d be needing, at least LTO-6 (2.5TB per tape) would be needed, if not LTO-7 (6TB). New, these drives cost several thousand dollars, plus they need LVD SCSI or Fibre Channel cards. You re not going to be hanging one off a Raspberry Pi; these things need a real server with enterprise-style connectivity. If you re particularly lucky, you might find an LTO-6 drive for as low as $500 on eBay. Then there are tapes. A 10-pack of LTO-6 tapes runs more than $200, and provides a total capacity of 25TB sufficient for these needs (note that, of course, you need to have at least double the actual space of the data, to account for multiple full backups in a set). A 5-pack of LTO-7 tapes is a little more expensive, while providing more storage. So all-in, this is going to be in the best possible scenario nearly $1000, and possibly a lot more. For a large company with many TB of storage, the initial costs can be defrayed due to the cheaper media, but for a home user, not so much. Consider that 8TB hard drives can be found for $150 $200. A pair of them (for redundancy) would run $300-400, and then you have all the other benefits of disk (quicker access, etc.) Plus they can be driven by something as cheap as a Raspberry Pi. Fancier tape setups involve auto-changers, but then you re not really airgapped, are you? (If you leave all your tapes in the changer, they can generally be selected and overwritten, barring things like hardware WORM). As useful as tape is, for this project, it would simply be way more expensive than disk-based options. Fundamentals of disk-based airgapping The fundamental thing we need to address with disk-based airgapping is that the machines being backed up have no real-time contact with the backup storage system. This rules out most solutions out there, that want to sync by comparing local state with remote state. If one is willing to throw storage efficiency out the window maybe practical for very small data sets one could just send a full backup daily. But in reality, what is more likely needed is a way to store a local proxy for the remote state. Then a runner device (a USB stick, disk, etc) could be plugged into the network, filled with queued data, then plugged into the backup system to have the data dequeued and processed. Some may be tempted to short-circuit this and just plug external disks into a backup system. I ve done that for a long time. This is, however, a risk, because it makes those disks vulnerable to whatever may be attacking the local system (anything from lightning to ransomware). ZFS ZFS is, it should be no surprise, particularly well suited for this. zfs send/receive can send an incremental stream that represents a delta between two checkpoints (snapshots or bookmarks) on a filesystem. It can do this very efficiently, much more so than walking an entire filesystem tree. Additionally, with the recent addition of ZFS crypto to ZFS on Linux, the replication stream can optionally reflect the encrypted data. Yes, as long as you don t need to mount them, you can mostly work with ZFS datasets on an encrypted basis, and can directly tell zfs send to just send the encrypted data instead of the decrypted data. The downside of ZFS is the resource requirements at the destination, which in terms of RAM are higher than most of the older Raspberry Pi-style devices. Still, one could perhaps just save off zfs send streams and restore them later if need be, but that implies a periodic resend of a full stream, an inefficient operation. dedpulicating software such as borg could be used on those streams (though with less effectiveness if they re encrypted). Tar Perhaps surprisingly, tar in listed incremental mode can solve this problem for non-ZFS users. It will keep a local cache of the state of the filesystem as of the time of the last run of tar, and can generate new tarballs that reflect the changes since the previous run (even deletions). This can achieve a similar result to the ZFS send/receive, though in a much less elegant way. Bacula / Bareos Bacula (and its fork Bareos) both have support for a FIFO destination. Theoretically this could be used to queue of data for transfer to the airgapped machine. This support is very poorly documented in both and is rumored to have bitrotted, however. rdiff and xdelta rdiff and xdelta can be used as sort of a non-real-time rsync, at least on a per-file basis. Theoretically, one could generate a full backup (with tar, ZFS send, or whatever), take an rdiff signature, and send over the file while keeping the signature. On the next run, another full backup is piped into rdiff, and on the basis of the signature file of the old and the new data, it produces a binary patch that can be queued for the backup target to update its stored copy of the file. This leaves history preservation as an exercise to be undertaken on the backup target. It may not necessarily be easy and may not be efficient. rsync batches rsync can be used to compute a delta between two directory trees and express this as a single-file batch that can be processed by a remote rsync. Unfortunately this implies the sender must always keep an old tree around (barring a solution such as ZFS snapshots) in order to compute the delta, and of course it still implies the need for history processing on the remote. Getting the Data There OK, so you ve got an airgapped system, some sort of runner device for your sneakernet (USB stick, hard drive, etc). Now what? Obviously you could just copy data on the runner and move it back off at the backup target. But a tool like NNCP (sort of a modernized UUCP) offer a lot of help in automating the process, returning error reports, etc. NNCP can be used online over TCP, over reliable serial links, over ssh, with offline onion routing via intermediaries or directly, etc. Imagine having an airgapped machine at a different location you go to frequently (workplace, friend, etc). Before leaving, you put a USB stick in your pocket. When you get there, you pop it in. It s despooled and processed while you want, and return emails or whatever are queued up to be sent when you get back home. Not bad, eh? Future installment I m going to try some of these approaches and report back on my experiences in the next few weeks.

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