Technology and science are, at times, part of some solution. But once unleashed in the world, they can also perpetuate problems and act as barriers.
I just finished two articles that have addressed this conundrum in provocative ways and I recommend both to read just for the sake of reading as they are written stunningly well and if you teach a course related to science, technology, medicine and society, these two would make excellent introductions to the importance of critically dissecting science, technology, and medicine (and I think you could unpack them for hours and hours, which is very helpful if you are looking to fill up some time).
One,
Happy Meal is by the author of the immensely popular
Omnivore’s Dilemma, Michael Pollan. In the article he starts with the simple suggestion of trashing most fast/junk/processed food in favor of whole foods, notably plants. But then he delves into the much more complicated topic of the science of nutrition, making a pretty sharp critique of the field, especially for 1) its reductionism 2) and the ways in which the food industry mobilizes nutrition data it is favor and often to the detriment of furthering the goals of real nutrition.
After I posted the link on an IRC Debian channel, I had a pretty heated conversation with a number of Debian developers about the nature of science and how one goes about critique it (and mobilizing data to make counter-claims). As often is the case, we ended up arguing over the merit of his attack (though everyone agreed that his food suggestions were quite sound, and I find this disjuncture pretty interesting), as some felt like his attack on the science of nutrition went too far. I did not feel like his article was anti-science or alarmist but saw it as attacking a particular configuration of nutrition science (the reductionism, the inability to admit more complexity, and the turning away from common sense principles), which carry with it serious consequences in the so-called real world. He offers a critical edge that I think does not attack the principle of science generally (after all, he is using the techniques of skepticism and he marshals plenty of scientific data, like studies on omega 3s and 6 to make his point, though he does not only employ the rhetoric of science, which I think is key to understand his critique too) but just what is sees as a particularly problematic rendition of it that is especially problematic for nutrition (though I am sure many of his critiques are easily transfered to other domains).
Here, for example, is an attack on reductionism:
If nutritional scientists know this, why do they do it anyway? Because a nutrient bias is built into the way science is done: scientists need individual variables they can isolate. Yet even the simplest food is a hopelessly complex thing to study, a virtual wilderness of chemical compounds, many of which exist in complex and dynamic relation to one another, and all of which together are in the process of changing from one state to another. So if you re a nutritional scientist, you do the only thing you can do, given the tools at your disposal: break the thing down into its component parts and study those one by one, even if that means ignoring complex interactions and contexts, as well as the fact that the whole may be more than, or just different from, the sum of its parts. This is what we mean by reductionist science.
And muses on the effects of this narrow path:
No one likes to admit that his or her best efforts at understanding and solving a problem have actually made the problem worse, but that s exactly what has happened in the case of nutritionism. Scientists operating with the best of intentions, using the best tools at their disposal, have taught us to look at food in a way that has diminished our pleasure in eating it while doing little or nothing to improve our health. Perhaps what we need now is a broader, less reductive view of what food is, one that is at once more ecological and cultural. What would happen, for example, if we were to start thinking about food as less of a thing and more of a relationship?
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But you will see here that he reaches into scientific facts so that he is not throwing out the bathwater with the baby:
Eat less is the most unwelcome advice of all, but in fact the scientific case for eating a lot less than we currently do is compelling. Calorie restriction has repeatedly been shown to slow aging in animals, and many researchers (including Walter Willett, the Harvard epidemiologist) believe it offers the single strongest link between diet and cancer prevention. Food abundance is a problem, but culture has helped here, too, by promoting the idea of moderation. Once one of the longest-lived people on earth, the Okinawans practiced a principle they called Hara Hachi Bu : eat until you are 80 percent full. To make the eat less message a bit more palatable, consider that quality may have a bearing on quantity: I don t know about you, but the better the quality of the food I eat, the less of it I need to feel satisfied. All tomatoes are not created equal.
There is no doubt that the article is advocating, very strongly, a point and he is not being all impassioned and neutral as may happen with a purely scientific rendition of the the topic. This will no doubt cause debate and reaction, which I am sure is what he was aiming for. And whether you end up agreeing or not with his critique, it makes for one fascinating read.
Along with this piece is another engrossing, somewhat older one piece by Carl Elliot:
A New Way to be Mad that examines the ethical complexities of what seems to be a relatively new phenomenon:
Body Integration Identity Disorder (which he may have helped fuel a little via his very article and it is this issue of looping, first discussed by the philosopher of science, Ian Hacking that Carl Elliot nicely captures).
Since the article is not available for free, here is
another one, also by Carl Elliot, that addresses the same topic Unlike Pollan, Elliot does not have any clear cut answers or a really trenchant critique. More than anything he serves up a tasty meal that will in all likelihood be new to many readers, and the flavors he adds are those that make us confront the many interesting moral quandaries that this case presents.
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