To setup a virtual network lab, you get a lot of alternatives. You can
for example use
GNS3,
Netkit,
Marionnet
or
VNUML. Some of those tools, like
GNS3, allow to
add some closed source equipments like a Cisco 7200 or a Juniper router.
All those tools are a great way to setup your network lab.
Look at
them! If you want to setup a virtual network lab for educational
purpose, one of those should fit your purpose. However, none of those
solution were a perfect match for me. I did not want to maintain some
root filesystem. I wanted my lab to start in a few seconds. I wanted
to keep all configuration files (including the ones for the virtual
hosts) into one subdirectory of my home and be able to modify them
while the lab was running. I also wanted to be able to plug some Cisco
router using
Dynamips/Dynagen.
None of the listed solution above matched all those
criteria. Therefore, I setup my own lab script with
User Mode Linux. This is not a complete solution, but is more
like a home-made solution to match one particular need. You cannot use
the final result without tweaking it. Again, look at the other
solutions first.
We will go step by step to understand how the lab was built. If you
are in a hurry, you can look at the result which is published on
GitHub.
User Mode Linux
User Mode Linux (or UML) is a Linux kernel running as a process
instead of running on top of some processor. With Debian, you can
install it using apt-get install user-mode-linux. You get a linux
command that will run your Linux kernel as a simple process. No need
to be root.
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25 | $ linux
Core dump limits :
soft - 0
hard - NONE
Checking that ptrace can change system call numbers...OK
Checking syscall emulation patch for ptrace...OK
Checking advanced syscall emulation patch for ptrace...OK
Checking for tmpfs mount on /dev/shm...nothing mounted on /dev/shm
Checking PROT_EXEC mmap in /tmp/user/500/...OK
Checking for the skas3 patch in the host:
- /proc/mm...not found: No such file or directory
- PTRACE_FAULTINFO...not found
- PTRACE_LDT...not found
UML running in SKAS0 mode
Adding 5632000 bytes to physical memory to account for exec-shield gap
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Linux version 2.6.32 (2.6.32) (root@tito) (gcc version 4.4.5 (Debian 4.4.5-10) ) #2 Thu Jan 27 12:49:46 UTC 2011
[...]
console [mc-1] enabled
Couldn't stat "root_fs" : err = 2
Failed to initialize ubd device 0 :Couldn't determine size of device's file
registered taskstats version 1
VFS: Cannot open root device "98:0" or unknown-block(98,0)
Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions:
Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(98,0)
|
You get a Linux kernel that will just panic because it does not find a
disk to mount to run
init from it. Usually, you build some root file
system and give it as an argument to your
UML kernel.
Basic setup
However, you can also use your host filesystem as a root
filesystem. We also specify /bin/sh as init instead of
/sbin/init. This will be the first process to be started by our UML kernel.
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[...]
Linux version 2.6.32 (2.6.32) (root@tito) (gcc version 4.4.5 (Debian 4.4.5-10) ) #2 Thu Jan 27 12:49:46 UTC 2011
[...]
VFS: Mounted root (hostfs filesystem) readonly on device 0:12.
IRQ 3/console-write: IRQF_DISABLED is not guaranteed on shared IRQs
IRQ 2/console: IRQF_DISABLED is not guaranteed on shared IRQs
IRQ 10/winch: IRQF_DISABLED is not guaranteed on shared IRQs
/bin/sh: can't access tty; job control turned off
# uname -a
Linux (none) 2.6.32 #2 Thu Jan 27 12:49:46 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux
# echo $$
1
|
You may want to setup a bit your environment:
| # hostname -b R1
# export TERM=xterm
# export PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin
# mount -t proc proc /proc
# mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
# mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/run -o rw,nosuid,nodev
# mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/log -o rw,nosuid,nodev
# mount -o bind /usr/lib/uml/modules /lib/modules
# mount -t hostfs hostfs /home/bernat/mylab -o /home/bernat/mylab
|
We setup
/proc and
/sys correctly. We also turn
/var/run and
/var/log as
tmpfs filesystems. This will allow most daemons to run
correctly: they will be able to write runtime data in
/var/run and
to write logs in
/var/log. You can even launch your favorite syslog daemon.
The line about
/lib/modules is to ensure that our
UML kernel is able
to access its kernel modules. For example, we can now use
modprobe tun. The line about
/home allows to mount the home
directory of your host inside
UML. This was already the case, but
it was mounted as read-only.
One important thing to notice is that while you seem to be root inside
UML, you did not run
linux as root. Therefore, when the
UML kernel
tries to write a file it will still be bound by the permissions
granted by your host kernel. See this example:
| # mount -o remount,rw /
# touch /tmp/test1
# touch /etc/test1
touch: cannot touch /etc/test1': Permission denied
|
This is a great way to ensure that your lab will not destroy your
host. Do not run
linux as root.
What is interesting with such a setup is that you share the filesystem
with your host. You can modify some configuration file on your host
and your
UML will see the modification right away. You can also modify
a file inside
UML and see the modification on your host too.
Console & job control
There is a slight problem with this environment. You may be used to it
if you already started your own GNU/Linux system with
init=/bin/sh. The problem is that you don t have job control. Job
control allows you to put tasks in background and interrupt them while
they are running. It is job control that allows you to stop a program
with ^C. Here, you don t have job control. See:
You are stuck. The only way to go out is to kill the
linux process
on your host.
Job control is a great mystery for me. I don t know how to enable it
by hand. However,
getty is able to enable job control for you. Just
type this command:
| # exec getty -n -l /bin/sh 38400 /dev/tty0
|
You get job control. We keep
/bin/sh, but you may prefer
/bin/bash
since on most systems,
/bin/sh is rather basic.
Writable root filesystem
Let s get back to our root filesystem. Most daemons can run just fine
with our setup. For example, we can start Nginx, a popular
web server:
| # mkdir /var/log/nginx
# /etc/init.d/nginx start
Starting nginx: nginx.
|
However, it will use the configuration file in
/etc/nginx. You don t want to modify this directory for all your
labs. The best way to handle this is to start Nginx with a custom
configuration file:
| # /etc/init.d/nginx stop
# nginx -c /home/bernat/mylab/nginx.conf
|
While keeping the configuration files related to your lab in your home
is an important objective (all your lab related files are in the same
place and you can modify them at will), it may be more convenient to
still use
/etc/init.d/nginx script to control Nginx. Moreover, some
daemons do not allow to specify a configuration file. You will then
need to modify your root filesystem.
This is a pretty common problem with
Live CD and it is
solved by using an union mount. This is a special kind of mount that
will merge two filesystems into one. One of the two filesystems can be
read-only and all the changes will be reported to the second
one. We will use
AUFS. Ensure that you have
aufs-tools
package installed. Let s start from scratch for this example.
| $ linux init=/bin/sh rootfstype=hostfs
[...]
# mount -n -t proc proc /proc
# mount -n -t sysfs sysfs /sys
# mount -o bind /usr/lib/uml/modules /lib/modules
# mount -n -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmp -o rw,nosuid,nodev
# mkdir /tmp/ro /tmp/rw /tmp/aufs
# mount -n -t hostfs hostfs /tmp/ro -o /,ro
# mount -n -t aufs aufs /tmp/aufs -o noatime,dirs=/tmp/rw:/tmp/ro=ro
# exec chroot /tmp/aufs /bin/bash
|
It seems that
AUFS with hostfs is rather fragile. We could have merged
our root filesystem with some directory in our lab using
hostfs like this:
| # mount -n -t hostfs hostfs /tmp/rw -o /home/bernat/mylab/root,rw
# mount -n -t hostfs hostfs /tmp/ro -o /,ro
# mount -n -t aufs aufs /tmp/aufs -o noatime,dirs=/tmp/rw:/tmp/ro=ro
# exec chroot /tmp/aufs /bin/bash
|
However, the kernel panics on most operations. Therefore,
/tmp/rw stays
in a
tmpfs filesystem. This means that any change to the root
filesystem will be lost. I also was unable to issue a correct
pivot_root before
chroot. This is not really important here.
UPDATED: It seems that there are other drawbacks to this
setup. For some reason, if you have a separate
/usr partition on
your host system, you won t be able to write to it until you specify
the
noxino option to
AUFS. Another issue is that
AUFS does not
notice most changes on the hostfs filesystem. You can fix this with
option
udba=inotify. However, this is incompatible with the
noxino
option. Therefore, you need to choose what is best for your
lab. You can also mount some parts of your home with
hostfs (for
example, the source directory of the piece of software that you would
like to test).
Let s consider that Nginx configuration is in
/home/bernat/lab/nginx. We simply uses a symbolic link:
| # rm -rf /etc/nginx
# ln -s /home/bernat/mylab/nginx /etc/nginx
|
Since we lose the modifications to the root filesystem, the symbolic
link should be done each time we start the lab. However, we can modify
directly the configuration files in the host or in the
UML.
Networking
We know how to start our UML. Let s see how we can add some wires to
it. UML supports several network adapters. The two most useful are TAP
and VDE backend.
TAP
A TAP interface is a virtual network kernel device which can be
used by userland applications to inject layer 2 frames in
it. If the kernel sends frames in a TAP device, they will be received
by the application listening to it. This also works the other way
around. A TAP interface is a regular ethernet device for the
kernel. This means that you can bridge it or use tcpdump on it.
The drawback of such interfaces is that you need to be root to create
them. The application using them does not need to be run as root.
I usually use this nifty shell function to setup TAP interfaces:
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# Optionally, add it to given bridge
[ -z "$2" ]
[ -f /sys/class/net/$2/brforward ]
sudo brctl addbr $2
sudo brctl stp $2 off
sudo ip link set $2 up
[ -f /sys/class/net/$2/brif/$1 ]
# We need to check if it is in another bridge
bridge=$(echo /sys/class/net/*/brif/$1 2> /dev/null \
sed 's+/sys/class/net/\([^/]*\)/.*+\1+') 2> /dev/null
[ -n "$bridge" ] && \
sudo brctl delif $bridge $1
sudo brctl addif $2 $1
tap()
sudo tunctl -b -u $(whoami) -t $1 > /dev/null
sudo ip link set up dev $1
__add_to_bridge $1 $2
|
It will create the interface and put it into a bridge. For example,
you can create two interfaces linked together through a bridge to
allow two
UML to talk each other:
| $ tap tap-R1 br-R1R2
$ tap tap-R2 br-R1R2
|
We can setup two
UML which will use those interfaces. The first one is
setup like this:
| $ linux init=/bin/sh rootfstype=hostfs eth0=tuntap,tap-R1
[...]
# ip link set up dev eth0
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0
|
The second one:
| $ linux init=/bin/sh rootfstype=hostfs eth0=tuntap,tap-R2
[...]
# ip link set up dev eth0
# ip addr add 192.168.0.2/24 dev eth0
# ping 192.168.0.1
PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
Warning: time of day goes back (-13832us), taking countermeasures.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=20 ttl=64 time=0.633 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=21 ttl=64 time=0.157 ms
|
If you are running a firewall on your host, ensure that you let your
host forward those packets. By default, bridging code forwards the
frames through Netfilter.
VDE
A VDE switch is a software emulation of a regular network
switch. It is a userland component and does not need to be run as
root. You need to install vde2 package to make use of it. You can
run a switch using vde_switch command. You will get a console by
pressing Enter. From this console, you can configure the switch: add
ports, configure VLAN, etc.
Like for TAP interfaces, let s setup two UML connected to this
switch. The first one is like this:
| $ linux init=/bin/sh rootfstype=hostfs eth0=vde
[...]
# ip link set up dev eth0
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0
|
And the second one:
| $ linux init=/bin/sh rootfstype=hostfs eth0=vde
[...]
# ip link set up dev eth0
# ip addr add 192.168.0.2/24 dev eth0
# ping 192.168.0.1
PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=2.93 ms
Warning: time of day goes back (-8101us), taking countermeasures.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.503 ms
|
The lab
So far, we had a look at what can be used to setup a lab. We need to
put everything together into some script to setup the lab in a quick
way. For each lab that I want to setup, I copy my latest script to a
new location and adapt to the topology I want. I have put everything
described below in GitHub. Feel free to browse and fork.
Our lab will be about setting up a redundant VPN between two remote
sites of the same company. This company is using OSPF as an IGP on
each site and we will use BGP to let each site know the routes
advertised in the other site. We will only use VDE switches for the
layer 2 part.
Let s implement this lab. You should grab the sources first:
| $ git clone https://github.com/vincentbernat/network-lab.git
$ cd network-lab/lab-redundant-vpn
|
You have a
setup script which will setup the whole lab for you. You
also have one directory for each
UML. Those directories only contain
configuration for the various daemons used inside
UML. To make this
lab work, ensure that you have
quagga (
Quagga, an Internet
routing daemon supporting both
OSPF and
BGP) and
racoon packages.
UML configuration
First look at the end of script. There is something like this:
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27 | case $$ in
1)
# Inside UML. Three states:
[...]
;;
*)
TMP=$(mktemp -d)
trap "rm -rf $TMP" EXIT
check_dependencies
setup_screen
# Setup switches
setup_switch site1
setup_switch site101
setup_switch internet
# Start VM
start_vm R1 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site1.sock
start_vm R2 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site101.sock
start_vm V1 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site1.sock eth1=vde,$TMP/switch-internet.sock
start_vm V2 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site1.sock eth1=vde,$TMP/switch-internet.sock
start_vm V3 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site101.sock eth1=vde,$TMP/switch-internet.sock
start_vm V4 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-site101.sock eth1=vde,$TMP/switch-internet.sock
start_vm I1 eth0=vde,$TMP/switch-internet.sock
display_help
cleanup
screen -X quit
;;
esac
|
The script will check its
PID (
$$). If it is 1, this means it has
been invoked as
init. Otherwise, it means it has been launched by
the user. We will see the
init part later. When called, we first
check some dependencies, then we setup
screen. Everything is run
inside a screen session. No multiple windows. The next step is to
setup the various switches needed for our lab. We take one switch for
each site and one switch for Internet . The function that setups the
switch just invokes
vde_switch with the help of
start-stop-daemon
to record the
PID (to shutdown the lab properly).
Then, we start our various
UML. For each of them, we need to specify
which network adapters we need. For
R1 and
R2, we don t use a
network adapter to connect to the internal network. We will use a
dummy0 interface. To emulate Internet, we use another
UML,
I1.
For each
UML, our script will be used as
init. In this case, its
PID
will be 1. As we have seen earlier, the script checks if it is called
as
init. If it is the case, it will setup the
UML. During this
setup, host specific configuration will be applied:
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50 | echo "[+] Setup UML"
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
case $ uts in
R1)
modprobe dummy
ip link set up dev dummy0
ip addr add 192.168.15.1/24 dev dummy0
ip addr add 192.168.1.10/24 dev eth0
setup_quagga
;;
R2)
modprobe dummy
ip link set up dev dummy0
ip addr add 192.168.115.1/24 dev dummy0
ip addr add 192.168.101.10/24 dev eth0
setup_quagga
;;
V1)
ip addr add 192.168.1.11/24 dev eth0
ip addr add 1.1.2.1/24 dev eth1
ip route add default via 1.1.2.10
setup_quagga
setup_racoon 1.1.2.1 1.1.1.1 192.168.0.0/19-192.168.100.0/19
;;
V2)
ip addr add 192.168.1.12/24 dev eth0
ip addr add 1.1.2.2/24 dev eth1
ip route add default via 1.1.2.10
setup_quagga
setup_racoon 1.1.2.2 1.1.1.2 192.168.0.0/19-192.168.100.0/19
;;
V3)
ip addr add 192.168.101.13/24 dev eth0
ip addr add 1.1.1.1/24 dev eth1
ip route add default via 1.1.1.10
setup_quagga
setup_racoon 1.1.1.1 1.1.2.1 192.168.100.0/19-192.168.0.0/19
;;
V4)
ip addr add 192.168.101.14/24 dev eth0
ip addr add 1.1.1.2/24 dev eth1
ip route add default via 1.1.1.10
setup_quagga
setup_racoon 1.1.1.2 1.1.2.2 192.168.100.0/19-192.168.0.0/19
;;
I1)
ip addr add 1.1.1.10/24 dev eth0
ip addr add 1.1.2.10/24 dev eth0
;;
esac
|
After all this, we drop to a shell to allow you to issue additional
commands interactively.
Testing
We need to wait one minute after the lab has been started. We can then
check the routing table of various equipments. For example, here is
R1 routing table (you need to type vtysh to get Quagga console):
| R1# show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:25:42
C>* 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
O 192.168.15.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, dummy0, 00:25:42
C>* 192.168.15.0/24 is directly connected, dummy0
O>* 192.168.115.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.1.11, eth0, 00:02:24
* via 192.168.1.12, eth0, 00:02:24
|
We can see that if this router wants to contact
R2, it has learned a
multipath route with
OSPF and can then sends its packets through
V1
or
V2, as expected. Here is the routing table of
V3:
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12 | V3# show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
K>* 0.0.0.0/0 via 1.1.1.10, eth1
C>* 1.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, eth1
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
O 192.168.15.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.101.14, eth0, 00:04:26
B>* 192.168.15.0/24 [20/20] via 192.168.1.11 (recursive via 1.1.1.10), 00:07:16
O 192.168.101.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:07:30
C>* 192.168.101.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
O>* 192.168.115.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.101.10, eth0, 00:07:18
|
We see that to contact
R1,
V3 knows two routes. One with
BGP
through the
VPN. This is the one that will be used. The other one is
through
V4 but will not be used unless the
BGP route is lost.
We can ping
R2 from
R1:
| R1# ping -I 192.168.15.1 192.168.115.1
PING 192.168.115.1 (192.168.115.1) from 192.168.15.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
Warning: time of day goes back (-459129us), taking countermeasures.
64 bytes from 192.168.115.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=62 time=1.10 ms
|
Let s suppose we break the link between
V1 and the Internet (using
ip link set down eth1 on
V1). The previous multipath route on
R1
is now a single route through
V2. Moreover,
V3 has lost its
BGP
route to
V1 and is now using its
OSPF route through
V4:
| V3# show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
K>* 0.0.0.0/0 via 1.1.1.10, eth1
C>* 1.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, eth1
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
O>* 192.168.15.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.101.14, eth0, 00:10:13
O 192.168.101.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:13:17
C>* 192.168.101.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
O>* 192.168.115.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.101.10, eth0, 00:13:05
|
We could enhance the resiliance of such a setup by adding a dedicated
link between
V1 and
V2 and between
V3 and
V4 and running
OSPF
on this link (or iBGP). This would allow us to support several outages
on our network.
Conclusion
The script used to setup this lab can be adapted to setup other labs
with little effort. Please, note that it depends on the configuration
of your environment. However, the whole lab is contained in a single
directory and is very small. You can email it to your friends or
publish it on GitHub.
It can also be extended to support Dynagen to include some
Cisco equipments in your lab (for example, to experiment with VRF or
MPLS).
I've finished importing the usenet archive for
oldusenet. The fun part was parsing the dates to
put the posts in order.
No date format was really required on usenet, and so a wide variery of
formats were used. Some posts didn't have a Date, but a guess could be made
from their Message-ID. Some posts had absurd dates (ie, 1969, 1995), others
had dates that were correct in every way.. except the year was left out
(oops). One early post had a date of "_".
Still, this excerpt of my code managed to parse the rest and so gives a
fairly complete picture of how messy dates can possibly be. Read and weep.
IIT Bombay, like most likely most Indian educational instituates, has some rules and regulations about the interaction between boys and girls that, at least to the uninitiated eye of a foreigner who was brought up in a liberal society, seem arbitrary and archaic. At IIT Bombay, for example, there may be no visits in hostels by students of the other gender (yes, there are separate boys and girls hostels) between 10pm and 7am, and during the day any such visit has to be registered at the 
This year Debconf is a bit 
P.S. I must say thank you Accenture for paying for my plane tickets.
Date for end of sponsored registrations for this years 
Professional/Corporate
This is category for those who are sent by their companies, and whose participation/attendance is sponsored by the same. Professional covers the price of actual costs of their visit, while the corporate is double that price, which is for those who besides paying the actual costs also want to contribute money and help Debian.
Organized transport and getting to Banja Luka
Now, for those who are flying to Banja Luka I personally told you to come to via Zagreb. Why did I do this, if Banja Luka has its own airport? I told you this because Zagreb is much larger airport and thus has many budget companies, meaning cheaper flights. Once the registrations are closed, based on your arrival/departure dates we ll be able to statistically predict how many of you will be coming to Zagreb on each date and each time as we re planning to have organized transport. This means that we ll send buses/shuttles to pick people up in Zagreb. Of course to have this organized we ll need to set up arrival/departure pages with all the information that s need for us to have this organized.
Now, for those who want to come directly to Banja Luka airport this might be bit pricer then going via Zagreb, but not by much. I personally value my time and I even fly from Zagreb to Sarajevo 
This is my monthly summary of my Debian related activities. If you re among the people who 
GNOME 3 packaging
Right after the GNOME 3 release, I was eager to try it out so I 
I ve been running this code for more than 2 months and it works fine. I want to see it merged. I m ready to update my code should anything need to be changed to please Guillem. But without any feedback we re in a deadlock.
Misc dpkg work
While fixing a bug in update-alternatives (found in one of the valid reports on launchpad), I noticed that there was room for improvements in the error messages output by update-alternatives. I changed them to reuse the same strings that were already used in other parts of dpkg. The result is that there are a few strings less to translate (always a nice thing for the poor translators who have to deal with the thousands of strings that dpkg contains).
I also tried to fix some of the most cryptic error messages in dpkg (see 
I really don't know how I ended up spending this entire evening listening to
Bhutanese music. But I did well.
I particularly enjoyed 
It s the time of the year again. 
The Linux kernel attempts to protect portions of its memory from unexpected modification (through potential future exploits) by setting areas read-only where the compiler has allowed it (
After >7 years of working on my own Linux machine, I now have to work on a Windows XP laptop for my new employer.
