1. We use the Pew dataset to provide baseline information about Wikipedia readers.
2. We apply a statistical technique called propensity scoring to estimate the likelihood that a US adult Wikipedia reader would have volunteered to participate in the WMF/UNU-MERIT survey.
3. We follow a process originally developed by Valliant and Dever to weight the WMF/UNU-MERIT survey to correct for estimated bias.
4. We extend this weighting technique to Wikipedia editors in the WMF/UNU data to produce adjusted estimates of the demographics of their sample.

• Math operators: +, -, *, /, %, ** (just like Python)
• Relational operators: ==, <, >, <=, >= (just like other languages)
• Boolean operators: &&, , ! (just like C/C++/Perl)
• The combined comparison operator ("spaceship operator", like Perl): <=> (follows the spirit of what strcmp in C does)
• Conditional assignment operator ( =) only assigns a value to a variable if that variable is bound to nil.

• You can write number literals embedding an underscore (_) for readability purposes.

• Output: print and puts. Both print strings to stdout, but puts also appends a new line to the end.
• Input: gets accepts an input from stdin and returns a string.
• To convert a string foo to an integer, use the Integer(foo) constructor. It throws an exception if it cannot convert the value.

• Strings have at least some methods: .length, .reverse, .upcase, .downcase, .capitalize, .chomp (like Perl, removes the trailing endline)
• .upcase seems to have problems with non-ASCII characters, like .
• Interpolation is performed by putting the name name of the variable inside a string and delimited as # name at the place we want the interpolation to occur.
• Methods like .capitalize don't change the string (they return a new string capitalized). To change the string, you call the method .capitalize! (with a ! at the end of the name of the method).
• Other useful methods: .gsub for globally substituting a regular expression (and its variant .gsub! for inplace modification), and .include? to verify if the first string includes another.
• Another method: .split(" "), to split on the string specified as argument.

• The syntax of a if is:

    if expression1
      block1
    elsif expression2
      block2
    else
      block3
    end
  

  note that it ends with the word end, there are no need for parentheses, no braces, no colons, and the keyword for "else if" is elsif (different from Python's elif).
• The "if" can also be started with the keyword unless instead, which checks if the expression is false rather than true (as is the case of if).

• The syntax of the while is similar to other languages:

    while condition
      block
    end
  

• A variation of the while is the until, with the same syntax, except for the until in place of the while, and that it iterates when the condition is false, instead of true.

• The simple case of iterating over a range of numbers is:

    for i in 1...10
      block
    end
  

  Like ranges in Python, the 10 is not included (the variable i iterates from 1 to 9). For an inclusive range, we use two dots (1..10), instead of three dots (1...10).

• To iterate a block, we can use the loop keyword, as in:

    loop   block   # with braces
  

  or as in

    loop do # note the pair do/end in place of braces
      block
    end
  

• It is useful to use break when using loop to break out of the infinite iterations.
• Similarly, we can use next as in other languages (the same as continue in C or C++).

• The equivalent to Python's lists are arrays and they are declared in the same fashion:

    my_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  

• Arrays in Ruby are 0-based.
• Every array has an iterator called the .each method. The basic syntax is:

    object.each    item  block   # do something
  

  which can be written as:

    object.each do  item  block end
  

  where the name between is bound to (a copy of?) each element of object in turn. The equivalent in Python would be:

    for item in object:
        block
  

• Arrays can be sorted with the .sort method (or its sibling .sort!). When passing a parameter, it is useful to use the spaceship operator (<=>) (like Perl) to specify a custom order (similar in spirit to what we do with Python's key argument to the sort method of a list). Example:

     my_array.sort!  a, b  a <=> b  # Ascending order
     my_array.sort!  a, b  b <=> a  # Descending order
  

• The .push method appends an element to an Array (similar to Python's .append).
• The empty Array is denoted by [], like an empty list in Python.
• An iterator (like (1..10)) can be converted to an array with the .to_a method.

• A literal hash is defined by the syntax:

    my_hash =  
        "key1" => "abc",
        "key2" => 2,
        "key3" => false
     
  

  Quite similar to the version in Python:

    my_hash =  
        "key1": "abc",
        "key2": 2,
        "key3": False
     
  

  In fact, in Ruby 1.9, you can write, instead:

    my_hash =  
        key1: "abc",
        key2: 2,
        key3: false
     
  

  which is very similar to Python or JSON.
• The empty hash, OTOH, is defined by calling the constructor .new of the class Hash:

    my_hash = Hash.new
  

  The syntax used by Python can also be used: my_hash =
• Iterating over a hash is done the same way as done for an array, but the .each method gives both the key and the value, as in:

    my_hash.each do  k, v 
      puts "# k : # v "
    end
  

• To iterate only on keys, we use the method .each_key. To iterate only on values, we use the method .each_value.
• A hash can be sorted with the .sort_by method (to sort by keys, values or any expression involving them) and since it can be ordered, we can reverse (in-place) the order of its elements with the .reverse! method. This makes Ruby's hashes to "taste" like Python's OrderedDict's.
• When one initializes a hash, one can specify a default value to the .new method (e.g., foo = Hash.new(0)), which makes it convenient to do the equivalent of Python's defaultdict or Counter.
• You can select part of a hash by using the .select method and giving it a block. For example:

    good_movies = movie_ratings.select k, v  v > 3 
  

• Functions in Ruby are defined with the word def (as in Python) and end with the word end, as other composite constructs. Example:

    def square(n)
      return n*n
    end
  

• Parentheses are optional in Ruby, unless they create ambiguity. So, to call the function above, one can use any of the following:

    square(2)
    square 2
  

• A function can take a block as a parameter (and this is what .each does, for instance).
• Functions can take a variable number of elements with the splash operator (denoted by *), which puts the extra parameters in an Array (like Python).
• Functions can have default parameters, which are set in the "prototype", just like in Python or C++.
• If the return keyword is omitted from the method, Ruby uses an implicit return, where the value of the last executed expression is returned to the caller of the method.

• Any instances of a given symbol share the same ID. This is due to the fact that they are immutable.
• Symbols start with a colon (:) and they can contain any character that is valid for a variable name.
• It is possible to convert between a symbol and a string with the methods .to_s and .to_sym.

• Single line comments use the hash symbol (#).
• Ruby also has multiline comments, which are delimited by a line beginning with =begin and a line beginning with =end.

• A lambda function in Ruby is defined, as expected, as, for example:

    foo = lambda    x  x.to_sym  
  

• The basic differences between a lambda and a proc is that:
  • A lambda checks the number of elements that it receives, while a proc doesn't and assigns nil to parameters that it didn't receive (a proc seems to ignore extra parameter that it wasn't expecting).
  • When a lambda returns, the control goes back to the function that called the lambda, while when a proc returns, the control is returned also from the function that called the proc.

• "Everything is an object in Ruby." (At least one exception are blocks).
• To test if an object is of a given class, you use the method .is_a? on the object and the type as argument (e.g., foo.is_a? Integer)
• The "null" value in Ruby is nil. It is equivalent to None in Python.
• The only "falsy" values in Ruby are false and nil. The others are "truthy", differently from C/C++/Perl/Python.
• For a given object, the method .object_id returns what is the "address" of that object.
• Classes in Ruby are created with the syntax

    class ClassExample
        # body
    end
  

  (That is for a class that has is not derived from other regular classes).
• Constructors in Ruby are called initialize. An instance of a class is created by calling the method .new on the class name (and passing parameters as needed for the initialize method).
• Instance variables are named with 1 at sign (@) as a prefix. Class variables are named with 2 at signs (@@) as a prefix. Global variables are named with a dollar sign ($) as a prefix.
• Class methods are declared inside a class prefixed with self. and they are called with the class name suffixed with the name of the method. For example, for a class MyClass, with a class method class_method, we call it as MyClass.class_method.
• When overriding a method in a subclass, one can call the method from the parent class with the keyword super, as in super(arg1, arg2).
• Ruby doesn't support multiple inheritance. In place of multiple inheritance, Ruby offers mixins.
• To access one attribute, say @my_attrib, in Ruby classes, one usually creates two methods to manipulate it: a method with the name my_attrib, that returns the value of @my_attrib (a getter) and a method with the name my_attrib= that accepts a parameter to set @my_attrib to (a setter). There is syntatic sugar for creating both getters or setters. For a getter, you declare attr_reader :my_attrib (the member name as a symbol). For a setter, you declare attr_writer :my_attrib. If you need both a getter and a setter, then you can abbreviate them with attr_accessor.
• All methods, by default, are public in Ruby. To explicitly mark something as public, you use the keyword public. To mark something as private, you use the keyword private.

• You can import a module with the keyword require (as in Perl) and the name of the module in quotes.
• One example of a module is the benchmark module, which provides the Benchmark class, which has the method .realtime, which takes a block and reports how much time it used.
• To create a module, use a syntax similar to that of a class, but substituting the keyword class with module.
• The scope resolution operator in Ruby is the double colon (::), like in Perl.
• To create a method inside a module, you have to prefix it by the name of the module with a dot or with self., if you want to create a method to be called outside the module. The same also holds for creating class methods (as opposed to instance methods): they can be simply named self.foo to get a class method called foo.
• While some modules are already "preloaded" by the interpreter (e.g., Math), others need to be explicitly loaded. We do this by using require 'foo' to load the module (in the file foo?).

• A mixin is the use of a module to "enrich" a class, adding "instance" methods of the module to the class. It is, in a sense, a way to have some of multiple inheritance in Ruby (without its headaches?)
• Using the word include Foo imports the items of the module Foo in the current namespace for instances of a class.
• Using the word extend Foo imports the items of the module Foo in the current namespace as class methods/attributes.

• Local variables are named in lower case, with parts separated by underscores, as in my_name.
• Methods that return boolean values have a question mark (?) at the end of their name.
• Methods that have destructive side-effects (like changing their input) have an exclamation mark (!) at the end of their name.
• Code is indented by 2 spaces.
• Like other languages, constants are written in all caps, with words separated by underscores. For example, MAX_VALUE.
• Global variables are prefixed with a dollar sign (e.g., $Foo).
• Classes are named in camel case (no initial lowercase).
• The "poetic mode" in Ruby recommends one to omit the parentheses on function calls (whenever unambiguous) and, in essence, to write as little "bureaucracy" (like the explicit return keyword in methods).

PATH := ../some/prefixCPU12suf/include
CPUINC := $(patsubst ../some/prefix%,%,$(PATH))
CPU := $(patsubst %/include,%,$(CPUINC))

default:
@echo "PATH = $(PATH)"
@echo "CPUINC = $(CPUINC)"
@echo "CPU = $(CPU)"

0 eddy@heidi /tmp $ make
PATH = ../some/prefixCPU12/include
CPUINC = CPU12/include
CPU = CPU12
0 eddy@heidi /tmp $ make --version
GNU Make 3.81
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.
There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

This program built for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu

PATH := ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPUINC := $(patsubst pref%,%,$(PATH))
CPU := $(patsubst %suf/include,%,$(CPUINC))

default:
@echo "PATH = $(PATH)"
@echo "CPUINC = $(CPUINC)"
@echo "CPU = $(CPU)"

0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ ./make -f /tmp/makefile
PATH = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPUINC = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPU = ../some/prefCPU12
0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ ./make --version
GNU Make 3.82
Built for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http: gnu.org="" gpl.html="" licenses="">
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ make -f /tmp/makefile
PATH = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPUINC = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPU = ../some/prefCPU12
0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ make --version
GNU Make 3.81
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.
There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

This program built for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</http:>

0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ grep patsubst /tmp/makefile
CPUINC := $(patsubst pref%,%,$(PATH))
CPU := $(patsubst %suf,%,$(CPUINC))
0 eddy@heidi ~/usr/src/make/make-profiler/make-3.82 $ make -f /tmp/makefile
PATH = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPUINC = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include
CPU = ../some/prefCPU12suf/include

• procfs should ignore --no dev,exec,suid : http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2013-07/msg00076.html
• libnetfs does not respond properly to file_get_translator requests on nodes with a passive translator record: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2013-07/msg00148.html
• As the mtab translator is a translator of its own, there needs to be a way to bind it to /proc/mounts. I figured the easiest way would be to just serve a node with an appropriate passive translator record: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2013-07/msg00149.html
• There was no clean way to start the console-client. I added daemonizing support to the console-client and created an appropriate initscript: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2013-07/msg00165.html
• I also worked a lot on my mtab translator prototype: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2013-07/msg00183.html

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mailscanner.list << 'EOF'
deb http://apt.baruwa.org/debian wheezy main
deb-src http://apt.baruwa.org/debian wheezy main
EOF

wget -O - http://apt.baruwa.org/baruwa-apt-keys.gpg   apt-key add -

aptitude update && aptitude install mailscanner

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• RMD160 (ports/mksh-w32-beta14.zip) = 0dc8ef6e95592bd132f701ca77c4e0a3afe46f24
• TIGER (ports/mksh-w32-beta14.zip) = 966e548f9e9c1d5b137ae3ec48e60db4a57c9a0ed15720fb
• 1181543005 517402 /MirOS/dist/mir/mksh/ports/mksh-w32-beta14.zip
• MD5 (ports/mksh-w32-beta14.zip) = b57367b0710bf76a972b493562e2b6b5

1. Distributing source code and instructions on how to compile it.
2. Using a third-party package manager, like Homebrew.
3. Providing an installer package.

Homebrew Homebrew is a popular package management system. It works like the BSDs ports collections by downloading, compiling and installing the requested software, while also installing any required dependencies automatically. Creating a new package is quite easy and there are a lot of examples available. However, there are some limitations:

• You don t really build a package but execute a recipe to locally install the software.
• You need to install development tools, either a whole Xcode installation¹ or the command line version.
• If you need to execute some steps as root, you will have to explain them to the user for her to execute by hand. This includes the creation of a system user or the installation of a daemon through launchd.

If you can t live with those limitations, you may need to build an installer package.

Building an installer package OS X comes with a graphical and a command-line installer. The graphical one is run by opening a package from the Finder. Then, the user experiences some familiar wizard allowing her to install the software in a matter of a few seconds. The documentation around how to build such a package is somewhat clumsy. You may find outdated information or pieces of information that only apply to projects using Xcode. I will try to provide here accurate bits in the following context:

1. You are packaging a pure command-line tool.
2. You are using Autoconf and Automake as a build system.
3. You want to support several architectures.
4. You want to support older versions of OS X.

Creating a package Building such a package was previously done with some graphical tool called PackageMaker. This tool is not available any more and developers are asked to switch to pkgbuild and productbuild. There is a very neat Stackoverflow article on how those tools work. A package is built in two steps:

1. Build component packages.
2. Combine them into a product archive.

A component package contains a set of files and a set of scripts to execute at various steps of the installation. You can have several component packages, for example a package for the daemon and a package for the client. They are built with pkgbuild. A product archive contains the previously created component packages as well as a file describing various options of the installer (required and optional components, license, welcome text, ). To create a component package, we need to install the needed files in some directory:

$ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/private/etc
$ make
$ make install DESTDIR=$PWD/osx-pkg

We will now put the content of osx-pkg into a component package with pkgbuild:

$ mkdir pkg1
$ pkgbuild --root osx-pkg \
>    --identifier org.someid.daemon \
>    --version 0.47 \
>    --ownership recommended
>    pkg1/output.pkg
pkgbuild: Inferring bundle components from contents of osx-pkg
pkgbuild: Wrote package to output.pkg

You need to be careful with the identifier. It needs to be unique and identify your software as well as the specific component. Then, you need to create an XML file describing the installer. Let s call it distribution.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<installer-gui-script minSpecVersion="1">
    <title>Some daemon</title>
    <organization>org.someid</organization>
    <domains enable_localSystem="true"/>
    <options customize="never" require-scripts="true" rootVolumeOnly="true" />
    <!-- Define documents displayed at various steps -->
    <welcome    file="welcome.html"    mime-type="text/html" />
    <license    file="license.html"    mime-type="text/html" />
    <conclusion file="conclusion.html" mime-type="text/html" />
    <!-- List all component packages -->
    <pkg-ref id="org.someid.daemon"
             version="0"
             auth="root">output.pkg</pkg-ref>
    <!-- List them again here. They can now be organized
         as a hierarchy if you want. -->
    <choices-outline>
        <line choice="org.someid.daemon"/>
    </choices-outline>
    <!-- Define each choice above -->
    <choice
        id="org.someid.daemon"
        visible="false"
        title="some daemon"
        description="The daemon"
        start_selected="true">
      <pkg-ref id="org.someid.daemon"/>
    </choice>
</installer-gui-script>

Fortunately, this file is documented on Apple Developer Library. Since we only describe one package, we pass customize="never" as an option to skip the choice part. You can however remove this attribute when you have several component packages. The attribute rootVolumeOnly="true" explains that this daemon can only be installed system-wide. It is marked as deprecated but still works. Its replacement (domains tag) displays an unusual and buggy pane which Apple doesn t use in any of its packages. You need to put the HTML² documents into a resources directory. It is also possible to choose the background by specifying a <background/> tag. The following command will generate the product archive:

$ productbuild --distribution distribution.xml \
>              --resources resources \
>              --package-path pkg1 \
>              --version 0.47 \
>              ../final.pkg
productbuild: Wrote product to ../final.pkg

Scripts The installer can execute some scripts during installation. For example, suppose we would like to register our daemon with launchd for it to be run at system start. You first need to write some org.someid.plist file and ensure it will get installed in /Library/LaunchDaemons:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
  <key>Label</key>
  <string>org.someid</string>
  <key>ProgramArguments</key>
  <array>
    <string>/usr/sbin/mydaemon</string>
    <string>-d</string>
  </array>
  <key>RunAtLoad</key><true/>
  <key>KeepAlive</key><true/>
</dict>
</plist>

Then create a scripts/postinstall file with the following content:

#!/bin/sh
set -e
/bin/launchctl load "/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.someid.plist"

You also need a scripts/preinstall file which will allow your program to be smoothly upgraded:

#!/bin/bash
set -e
if /bin/launchctl list "org.someid" &> /dev/null; then
    /bin/launchctl unload "/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.someid.plist"
fi

Ensure that those scripts are executable and add --scripts scripts to pkgbuild invocation. If you need to add a system user, use dscl.

Dependencies There is no dependency management built into OS X installer. Therefore, you should ensure that everything is present in the package or in the base system. For example, lldpd relies on libevent, an event notification library. This library is not provided with OS X. When it is not found, the build system will use an embedded copy. However, if you have installed libevent with Homebrew, you will get binaries linked to this local libevent installation. Your package won t work on another host. The output of otool -L can detect unwanted dependencies:

$ otool -L build/usr/sbin/lldpd
build/usr/sbin/lldpd:
        /usr/lib/libresolv.9.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
        /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 275.0.0)
        /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation (compatibility version 150.0.0, current version 744.19.0)
        /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation (compatibility version 300.0.0, current version 945.18.0)
        /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 169.3.0)

Compilation for older versions of OS X The package as built above may only work on the same version of OS X that you use to compile. If you want a package that will work on OS X 10.6, you will need to download the appropriate SDK³. Then, you need to tell the compiler the target version of OS X and the SDK location. You can do this by setting CFLAGS and LDFLAGS (and CXXFLAGS if you use C++):

$ SDK=/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.6.sdk
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/private/etc \
>         CFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK" \
>         LDFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK"

The -mmacosx-version-min flag will be used by various macros in the headers to mark some functions as available or not, depending on the version of OS X you target. It will also be used by the linker. The -isysroot will tell the location of the SDK. Headers and libraries will be looked up in this location first.

Universal binaries Mac OS X 10.6 was available for both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures. If you want to support both installations with a single package, you need to build universal binaries. The Mach object file format, used by OS X, allows several versions of the executable in the same file. The operating system will select the most appropriate one. An easy way to generate such files is to pass -arch i386 -arch x86_64 to the compiler:

$ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/private/etc \
>     CC="gcc -arch i386 -arch x86_64" \
>     CPP="gcc -E"

However, this is a dangerous option. Suppose that your ./configure script tries to determine some architecture-dependent parameter, like the size of an integer (with AC_CHECK_SIZEOF); it will compute it for the host architecture. The binary generated for the other architecture will therefore use a wrong value and may crash at some point. The correct way to generate an universal binary is to execute two separate compilations and to build the universal binary with lipo:

$ for arch in i386 x86_64; do
>   mkdir $arch ; cd $arch
>   ../configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/private/etc \
>       CC="gcc -arch $ARCH" \
>       CPP="gcc -E"
>   make
>   make install DESTDIR=$PWD/../target-$ARCH
>   cd ..
> done
[...]
$ lipo -create -output daemon i386/usr/sbin/daemon x86_64/usr/sbin/daemon

Since lipo only works on file, I have written a Python script applying lipo recursively to several directories.

Putting everything together Now, we need to automate a bit. You could provide some nifty script. I propose an appropriate Makefile.am instead. This way, we can use the output variables, like @VERSION@, from ./configure to generate some of the files, like distribution.xml. You need to add that in your configure.ac:

AC_CONFIG_FILES([osx/Makefile osx/distribution.xml osx/im.bernat.lldpd.plist])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([osx/scripts/preinstall],  [chmod +x osx/scripts/preinstall])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([osx/scripts/postinstall], [chmod +x osx/scripts/postinstall])
AC_SUBST([CONFIGURE_ARGS], [$ac_configure_args])

Let s have a look at osx/Makefile.am. First, we define some variables:

PKG_NAME=@PACKAGE@-@VERSION@.pkg
PKG_TITLE=@PACKAGE@ @VERSION@
PKG_DIR=@PACKAGE@-@VERSION@
ARCHS=@host_cpu@

If we want to build for several architectures, we will type make ARCHS="x86_64 i386". Otherwise it defaults to the current host s architecture. We use install-data-local target to install files specific to OS X:

install-data-local:
    install -m 0755 -d $(DESTDIR)/Library/LaunchDaemons
    install -m 0644 im.bernat.@PACKAGE@.plist $(DESTDIR)/Library/LaunchDaemons
uninstall-local:
    rm -f $(DESTDIR)/Library/LaunchDaemons/im.bernat.@PACKAGE@.plist

The main target is the product archive, built with productbuild:

../$(PKG_NAME): pkg.1/$(PKG_NAME) distribution.xml resources
    $(PRODUCTBUILD) \
        --distribution distribution.xml \
        --resources resources \
        --package-path pkg.1 \
        --version @VERSION@ \
        $@

Its main dependency is the component package:

pkg.1/$(PKG_NAME): $(PKG_DIR) scripts
    [ -d pkg.1 ]   mkdir pkg.1
    $(PKGBUILD) \
        --root $(PKG_DIR) \
        --identifier im.bernat.@PACKAGE@.daemon \
        --version @VERSION@ \
        --ownership recommended \
        --scripts scripts \
        $@

Now, we need to build $(PKG_DIR):

$(PKG_DIR): stamp-$(PKG_DIR)
stamp-$(PKG_DIR): $(ARCHS:%=%/$(PKG_DIR))
    $(srcdir)/lipo $(PKG_DIR) $^
    touch $@

The $(ARCHS:%=%/$(PKG_DIR)) will expand to x86_64/$(PKG_DIR) i386/$(PKG_DIR). This is a substitution reference⁴. Before applying our lipo script, we need to be able to build the architecture-dependent package directories:

pkg_curarch = $(@:stamp-%=%)
$(ARCHS:%=%/$(PKG_DIR)): %/$(PKG_DIR): stamp-%
$(ARCHS:%=stamp-%): stamp-%: im.bernat.lldpd.plist
    [ -d $(pkg_curarch) ]   mkdir -p $(pkg_curarch)
    (cd $(pkg_curarch) && \
        $(abs_top_srcdir)/configure @CONFIGURE_ARGS@ \
            CC="@CC@ -arch $(pkg_curarch)" \
            CPP="@CPP@")
    (cd $(pkg_curarch) && \
        $(MAKE) install DESTDIR=$(abs_builddir)/$(pkg_curarch)/$(PKG_DIR))
    touch $@

This may seem a bit obscure, but this is really like what we have described previously. Note that we use @CONFIGURE_ARGS@ which is a variable we have defined in configure.ac. Here is how a user would create its own OS X package:

$ SDK=/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.6.sdk
$ mkdir build && cd build
$ ../configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/private/etc --with-embedded-libevent \
   CFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK" \
   LDFLAGS="-mmacosx-version-min=10.6 -isysroot $SDK"
[...]
$ make -C osx pkg ARCHS="i386 x86_64"
[...]
productbuild: Wrote product to ../lldpd-0.7.5-21-g5b90c4f-dirty.pkg
The package has been built in ../lldpd-0.7.5-21-g5b90c4f-dirty.pkg.

---

1. Even if Xcode is free, you will need to register to Apple and show a valid credit card number. That s quite an interesting requirement.
2. It is possible to use other formats (like RTF or just plain text) for documents but HTML seems the best choice if you want some formatting without fiddling with RTF.
3. Unfortunately, Apple makes it difficult to find them. The easiest way to get the SDK for Mac OS X 10.6 is to download Xcode 4.3.3, mount the image and copy the SDK to /Developer/SDKs.
4. This is equivalent to the use of patsubst function. However, this function is specific to GNU make. The substitution reference pattern was accepted recently in POSIX and is coined as pattern macro expansion.

1. If a mail is received on the list debian.security-announce
2. And the package in the Subject: is not installed on the current machine.
3. The mail is marked as read.

• Set up cryptsetup to pass TRIM commands to the physical disk (adding discard to /etc/crypttab)
• Set up LVM to pass on TRIM commands to the underlying device (in this case a cryptsetup partition) by changing issue_discards from 0 to 1 in /etc/lvm/lvm.conf.
• Set relatime as a file system option for ext3 and ext4 file systems.
• Tell swap to use TRIM commands by adding 'discard' to /etc/fstab.
• Change I/O scheduler from cfq to deadline using a udev rule.
• Run fstrim on every ext3 and ext4 file system every night (from cron.daily).
• Adjust sysctl values vm.swappiness to 1 and vm.vfs_cache_pressure to 50 to reduce the kernel eagerness to swap out processes.

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