Rust, and resistance to it in some parts of the Linux community, has been in my feed recently. One undercurrent seems to be the notion that Rust is woke (and should therefore be rejected as part of culture wars).
I m going to argue that Rust, the language,
is woke. So the opponents are right, in that sense. Of course, as ever, dissing something for being woke is nasty and fascist-adjacent.
Community
The obvious way that Rust may seem woke is that it has the trappings, and many of the attitudes and outcomes, of a modern, nice, FLOSS community. Rust certainly does better than toxic environments like the Linux kernel, or Debian. This is reflected in a higher proportion of contributors from various kinds of minoritised groups. But Rust is
not outstanding in this respect. It certainly has its problems. Many other projects do as well or better.
And this is well-trodden ground. I have something more interesting to say:
Technological values - particularly, compared to C/C++
Rust is
woke technology that embodies a
woke understanding of what it means to be a programming language.
Ostensible values
Let s start with Rust s strapline:
A language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software.
Surprisingly, this motto is not mere marketing puff. For Rustaceans, it is a key goal which strongly influences day-to-day decisions (big and small).
Empowering everyone is a key aspect of this, which aligns with my own personal values. In the Rust community, we care about
empowerment. We are trying to help liberate our users. And we want to empower
everyone because everyone is entitled to technological autonomy. (For a programming language, empowering individuals means empowering their communities, of course.)
This is all very airy-fairy, but it has concrete consequences:
Attitude to the programmer s mistakes
In Rust we consider it a key part of our job to help the programmer avoid mistakes; to limit the consequences of mistakes; and to guide programmers in useful directions.
If you write a bug in your Rust program, Rust doesn t blame you. Rust asks how could the compiler have spotted that bug .
This is in sharp contrast to C (and C++). C nowadays is an insanely hostile programming environment. A C compiler relentlessly scours your program for any place where you may have violated C s almost incomprehensible rules, so that it can compile your apparently-correct program into a buggy executable. And then the bug is considered your fault.
These aren t just attitudes implicitly embodied in the software. They are concrete opinions expressed by compiler authors, and also by language proponents. In other words:
Rust sees programmers writing bugs as a systemic problem, which must be addressed by improvements to the environment and the system. The toxic parts of the C and C++ community see bugs as moral failings by individual programmers.
Sound familiar?
The ideology of the hardcore programmer
Programming has long suffered from the myth of the rockstar . Silicon Valley techbro culture loves this notion.
In reality, though, modern information systems are far too complicated for a single person. Developing systems is a
team sport. Nontechnical, and technical-adjacent, skills are vital: clear but friendly communication; obtaining and incorporating the insights of every member of your team; willingness to be challenged. Community building. Collaboration. Governance.
The hardcore C community embraces the rockstar myth: they imagine that a few super-programmers (or super-reviewers) are able to spot bugs, just by being so brilliant. Of course this doesn t actually work at all, as we can see from the atrocious bugfest that is the Linux kernel.
These rockstars want us to believe that there is a steep hierarchy in programmming; that they are at the top of this hierarchy; and that being nice isn t important.
Sound familiar?
Memory safety as a power struggle
Much of the modern crisis of software reliability arises from memory-unsafe programming languages, mostly C and C++.
Addressing this is a big job, requiring many changes. This threatens powerful interests; notably, corporations who want to keep shipping junk. (See also, conniptions over the EU Product Liability Directive.)
The harms of this serious problem mostly fall on society at large, but the convenience of carrying on as before benefits existing powerful interests.
Sound familiar?
Memory safety via Rust as a power struggle
Addressing this problem
via Rust is a direct threat to the power of established C programmers such as gatekeepers in the Linux kernel. Supplanting C means they will have to learn new things, and jostle for status against better Rustaceans, or
be replaced. More broadly, Rust shows that it is practical to write fast, reliable, software, and that this does not need (mythical) rockstars .
So established C programmer experts are existing vested interests, whose power is undermined by (this approach to) tackling this serious problem.
Sound familiar?
Notes
This is not a RIIR manifesto
I m
not saying we should rewrite all the world s C in Rust. We should not try to do that.
Rust is often a good choice for new code, or when a rewrite or substantial overhaul is needed anyway. But we re going to need other techniques to deal with all of our existing C.
CHERI is a very promising approach. Sandboxing, emulation and automatic translation are other possibilities. The problem is a big one and we need a toolkit, not a magic bullet.
But as for Linux: it is a scandal that substantial new drivers and subsystems are still being written in C. We could have been using Rust for new code throughout Linux years ago, and avoided very many bugs. Those bugs are doing real harm. This is not OK.
Disclosure
I first learned C from K&R I in 1989. I spent the first three decades of my life as a working programmer writing lots and lots of C. I ve written C++ too. I used to consider myself an expert C programmer, but nowadays my C is a bit rusty and out of date. Why is my C rusty? Because I found Rust, and immediately liked and adopted it (despite its many faults).
I like Rust because I care that the software I write
actually works: I care that my code doesn t do harm in the world.
On the meaning of woke
The original meaning of woke is something much more specific, to do with racism. For the avoidance of doubt, I don t think Rust is particularly antiracist.
I m using woke (like Rust s opponents are) in the much broader, and now much more prevalent, culture wars sense.
Pithy conclusion
If you re a senior developer who knows only C/C++, doesn t want their authority challenged, and doesn t want to have to learn how to write better software, you should hate Rust.
Also you should be fired.
Edited 2025-03-28 17:10 UTC to fix minor problems and add a new note about the meaning of the word "woke".
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